ࡱ; vti  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuwxyz{|}~Root Entry F`ɏUCompObjcWordDocumentGObjectPool5U5U  FũμƮ 6.0 MSWordDocWord.Document.6;  Oh+'0$ H l   D h(C:\MSOFFICE\WINWORD\TEMPLATE\NORMAL.DOT .  Ǽ濵 Ǽ濵@ohI e~G:%4P^P^^UWV`V`V`4iD iĉĉĉ܉X4ihD̓@   rnn0V`V& VVV__ DVVVV_ V` `ncX[__VVVƧ 11/4/96 Ҽǰ 氵ǽ ׹ Ⱦ - Ҽǰ · ᰤ Ǿ ׹ · ɽη- : ι : ƾ  TOC \o "1-3" . з  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551078  PAGEREF _Toc161551078 5 1. ɽͿ ȷ ǽ  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551079  PAGEREF _Toc161551079 5 2. ⱸ ˰  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551080  PAGEREF _Toc161551080 7 3. ׹  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551081  PAGEREF _Toc161551081 8 4. ׹  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551082  PAGEREF _Toc161551082 9 . Ҽǰ ⱻĽ  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551083  PAGEREF _Toc161551083 10 1. ٱ 氯Ϳ Ҽǰ  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551084  PAGEREF _Toc161551084 10 1. 氦氯Ϳ ý ޱ  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551085  PAGEREF _Toc161551085 10 2. Űý  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551086  PAGEREF _Toc161551086 10 3. ǰ Ϳ Ҽǰá  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551087  PAGEREF _Toc161551087 10 2. Ҽǰ ׹ ƺ  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551088  PAGEREF _Toc161551088 10 1) Ҽ ݹ  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551089  PAGEREF _Toc161551089 10 2) Ҽǰ  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551090  PAGEREF _Toc161551090 16 3. ǰ÷Ϳ Ҽǰ  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551091  PAGEREF _Toc161551091 !åǡ ǵ ʾϴٴ. 1) Ǧ Ϳ Ҽǰ  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551092  PAGEREF _Toc161551092 22 2) (¦ Ϳ Ҽǰ  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551093  PAGEREF _Toc161551093 27 3)俹 Ҽǰ  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551094  PAGEREF _Toc161551094 30 . Ҽǰ Dzк  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551095  PAGEREF _Toc161551095 39 1. κ Dzк  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551096  PAGEREF _Toc161551096 39 2. 氵 к  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551097  PAGEREF _Toc161551097 40 3. ǰ Ҽǰ  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551098  PAGEREF _Toc161551098 40 . Ҽǰ 氵ǽ  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551099  PAGEREF _Toc161551099 40 1.  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551100  PAGEREF _Toc161551100 40 1) ǽŶ  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551101  PAGEREF _Toc161551101 40 2) 绻  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551102  PAGEREF _Toc161551102 42 3)  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551103  PAGEREF _Toc161551103 53 4)  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551104  PAGEREF _Toc161551104 53 5) к  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551105  PAGEREF _Toc161551105 57 2. к  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551106  PAGEREF _Toc161551106 57 2) Žڷ ׹ 紵 ˰  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551107  PAGEREF _Toc161551107 60 3) Ա𸰺 к  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551108  PAGEREF _Toc161551108 62 4) к  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551109  PAGEREF _Toc161551109 86 3. к ׹ ý绡  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551110  PAGEREF _Toc161551110 92 . Ҽǰ · Ȧ  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551111  PAGEREF _Toc161551111 97 1. Ҽǰ 氵 ⱻ ױ 쿱  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551112  PAGEREF _Toc161551112 97 1) 쿧 ȸ: /  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551113  PAGEREF _Toc161551113 97 2) / : ý/к  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551114  PAGEREF _Toc161551114 98 3) °  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551115  PAGEREF _Toc161551115 101 4) Ȧ : ٴ  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551116  PAGEREF _Toc161551116 102 2. · Ȧ ǽ  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551117  PAGEREF _Toc161551117 104 1) ¹ϴǼ  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551118  PAGEREF _Toc161551118 104 2) Ž ߹  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551119  PAGEREF _Toc161551119 104 3) 羺 ر Ϳ Ɐ߹  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551120  PAGEREF _Toc161551120 106 4) 绣 ŽڷͿ ǻ ٹŸη Ӽ· ȸ  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551121  PAGEREF _Toc161551121 107 5) ⱹɴ·  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551122  PAGEREF _Toc161551122 108 6) ý  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551123  PAGEREF _Toc161551123 109 7) °  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551124  PAGEREF _Toc161551124 109 8) κý ر  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551125  PAGEREF _Toc161551125 111 3. Ҽǰ ÷ Ⱦ  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551126  PAGEREF _Toc161551126 111 1) ǰ ÷ ⱻ  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551127  PAGEREF _Toc161551127 112 2) Ǧ Ⱦ  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551128  PAGEREF _Toc161551128 112 2) (¦ Ⱦ  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551129  PAGEREF _Toc161551129 114 3) ǵޱ ÷ Ⱦ  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551130  PAGEREF _Toc161551130 115 4)  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551131  PAGEREF _Toc161551131 115 . з  GOTOBUTTON _Toc161551132  PAGEREF _Toc161551132 117  . з 1. ɽͿ ȷ ǽ ٱ 氦´ η û ǩ ԰ ٴ. UR η WTO ǡ ǰý ´ ٴ ᰻ ¸Ǵٴ. ǰ η ⱡ ԰ ȵ Ͱٴ. Ϳ Һ ݱ⳻η Ȥȵ 쿮 OECD Ȧ Ӽý Ͱٴ. ǰý Ҽ ݹǰ( Ҽ ǰ)԰ ̹ ޱ´ ԰ ٴ εη кɵ ٴ. ױ Ǫ´ ܿ ǰ ý ǡ ǰ ý Ǯ´ Ͱٴ. ױȾ ߰ ׹ Ҽǰ ý Ա ǰ ׹ 绡 ǰ © Ͱη ȵٴ. ߰ ´ ý ɽɵ Ͱη ȵٴ. ٴ Ǫ´ Ű 40 Ҽ ǰ鵡԰ ȷη Ǵ ٴ. 1994 ǰ Ͽ湸η ´ ⱸ ´ η ǻ ǽ԰ ǵٴ. Ƕ ױȾ η ǩ Ա𸰺η ý ޱǵ׾ ǵ ýɴ·ýη ٹ ٴ. Һ Ҽ ǰ ȸ ǻ Կ ޱ ý ǵ´ ⱸ , ǡ ¸´ ´ ǡ, ԰ ´ Ͱٴ. 󶭼 Ҽǰ鵺 氯ȡ ŽӼ ߾ Ͱ 俸ȵٴ. ױ Ҽ ǰ鵺 ݱ 氵 κ ӻƾϴ 氵к ɴ·, ɴ· ׹ ⱹ· κٴ. Ƕ ׹ ·  ڵٴ(豱, 1995). 󶭼 (flexibility)´ Ҽ 컱 ӻƾϴ ǩ 氯ȡ Ⱶ Ÿ Ʒٴ. dz湡 ´ ã ݱ, · ߹Ǵٴ. Ҽǰ´ 氵 ǽ  ݰ¡ ɽɵ ӻƾϴ 氵š ԰ Ǿǵ ´ ǽٴ. Ҽ ݹ ǰ ɽ 氵 ٱ ޱӼ ´ κŦ ǩ ܴη 嵯ٴ. 1995 Ⱦ κ ݹǰ ´ 145 ޴Ǹ, 140( 96.6%) Ҽ ݹ ǰôٴ. Ƕ 1996 8 κ ݹ ǰ ´ 136绡 ´, 쿺ǰ ܿ 135绡 ݹ Ҽ ٴ. Ҽ 氦 ´ 俺 ޱ ʾ󶵵, ݹ ǰ 90% Ҽ ǰ, ױ Ƕ ޱݰ Ⱦǧ, Ҽ ǰ κ´ ǰ ݹ · ྭý´ η Ͱ ٴ. 1995 75% Ҽ Ҽ ݹǰ ɽ 氵 Ӽǵ´ κ´ · ⱸ ǽ ǽ ý 氦 ݹ ྭý´ ɵ Ͱٴ. 󶭼 氦 ȺȦ ǭ ǰǽ Ҽ ǰ Ⱦ ǩ߾ Ͱٴ. 2. ⱸ ˰ Ҽ ǰ 俺 Һ ǩ Ҽ ǰ 氵ǮȪ κ á ´ Ÿ ̹̹ ǽٴ. ´ ݱ 쿮 κ ⱶ ǵ ýǵ ԿⱧٴ. ױ ޱӼ 氦߹ 껼æ κ´ á ¸, κ ȸη Ҽ η Ⱦȵ 󶵵 κ ɽη ٴٴ. ݹ Ҽ ǰ ⱸ 鵻 Ƹ, ո Ҽ ǰ ǭ´ ⱸ 鵡 Ͽ, Ҽ ǰã Joint Venture Joint Bidding 봦 ǩ ޱǵ׾ 谦 ر(, 1978, ǰǸ 1987), Ҽ ǰá Ž뿸 ׹ ݱ , Ҽǰ ׹ Ǥ ⱸ Ž´ Ⱦ ǵٴ(, 1978). ܿ Ҽ ǰ ᰻ ǰκ ´ Ҽǰ ɽȦ , Ҽ ǰ Ȱ 俭 η Ӽ , ǽý, η ´ Ҽ ÷ Ҽ Ⱦ Ҽ ǰ ɵ Ϸ ǩ߾ ٴ ý ٴ(ǰǸ, 1987). Ƕ Ҽ ǰ ޱ ȸ Ա Ƕ´ ܴ к߹ , ǰ ǮȦ ǭ´ ݹ ǰͿ Ҽ ǰã ǵޱ ǻ , ŽԱ ߹ޱ Ͽǩ߾ ٴ´ ǵٴ. ׹ ¦ ´ ޴ ٹ ǵʷ ױ췦 Ľ , Ա ´ Ҽ ǰá԰ 쿱߹´ ÷, ⱸ ܴ ǽ, 绹 ݰ 谦 Ǯη , ¦ , ݱ ȳ, ݱޱ ׹ ǽη ´ Ⱦ ýǵⱵ Ǵٴ. ۹ ݱ ׹ ݱ η´ Ҽ ǰ ݱ Ϳ ǰ ɴ 俸ǵ, Ҽ ǰ Ǵ Ż ߾ ٴ´ ǵٴ. ⱸ 氵 Ǹη´ , Ҽǰ ܴ ǰǸ  氵 ٹ Ǹη ýǵ, ǭ´ Ž ߹ ݱ ׹ ݱ 꺦 ǽýǩ߾ ٴ ýǴٴ(1987, ǰǸ). Ҽǰ ǭ´ 봦 Ӿ ޴ Ľ ܴá к߹ ޴Ľη 俸ǵ, Ӽ绦 ɴ к߹, ݱ׾ Ƕ, ޱǵ׾ 2 ǻ ´ , κ ܴ ǽ´ Ⱦ ǵٴ(1990, ٱܿ). ױ 鵺 ð, ý á ǰ ȡ  ýȵ Ⱦ 氯 뿻 ݹ ٴ. Ǫ η  ǡ ¸´ ´ ǡ ǵ´ ýǡ Ǧ Ա ȸ ⱸæ , ٴ´ Ⱦ ʾ Ͱٴ. ѵ, κк Ⱦ 氵 ǮȦ κ · ȸٴ´ ȸͿ ⱸ ȡ á ¸ ٴ. ױ ý ݰȵ ȡ´ Һɴ ӻƾϴ Ҽ κ ⱶ , á · ȸη ǵ ٴ. 󶭼 Ҽ ǰ , ߹ Ⱦ ȸ´ ٴ´ 氵ǮȦ · ȸ ¸߾ Ͱٴ. 3. ׹ ⱸ 谦 ǩ, ´ ǰý ´ ޱݰ 氯ȡ Ҽ ݹ ǰ 氵ǮȦ · ȸ Ⱦ ý´ á ¸ٴ. Ҽ ǰ鵺 Ű 40 Ϳ´ ԰ ޴ ɵ η ¸ Ͱٴ. ױ Һ Ҽ ǰ鵺 , · ׹ ý ྸη ´ · ´ ǽٴ. ǭ´ ո ܴ ǵ߾ ٴ. 󶭼 ´ ð, Ҽ ǰ 氵 ɽ´ 绦 ǩ Ҽ ǰ Ȼ ܴ, ױ к ѵ, ⱸ · ٴ ܴǵ´ 鵻 , Ӹ 񺳱, к ǩ Ҽ ǰ · ᰤ´ Ҽ´ Ǿ ¼, ٹŸη Ҽ ǰ · 氵 ⱻ ǽ ý Ǵٴ. ´ Ҽ ǰá԰ 氵DzȻ ױͰ 񺳱 ´ öŦ Ͱٴ. ٱ ޱݰ 氯ȡ Һ ޱǵ׾ Ӽη ´ Ҽ 鵡 к 氵ǮȦ Ȣ Ļ Ͱٴ. Ƕ κ԰´ Ҽ ݹ ǰ DzȻ ˾η · ȸ 俺 ý ý绡 Ͱٴ. 4. ׹ ´ ⱻη Ҽ ǰͿ ÷ȵ ⱸ ׹ ᷡ ˰Ϳ á ަ Ǵٴ. ո, Ҽǰ , ׹ 俺 Ǧ Ⱨǩ ⱸ鵻 ˰Ǵٴ. Ƕ ⱸ ߹ȵ 鵻 ٹŸη Ҽ ǰ , ݱ, ý , ׾ κ Dz 氵 кǴٴ. ǩ Ҽ ǰ ǰ ´ ױ ´ Ǿ Ǵٴ. Ƕ Ҽ ǰá Һ η ȵ 绦 ǽýǴٴ. ´ ݹǰæ η 氵Ȳ ٴ ܴǵ´ , , , , ý, 氵 ׹ 7 κ Һ Ҽ ǰá ý ȵٴ ܴǵ´ κ û , 8񸡿 ǩ ǽýǴٴ. ´ 6η ǵٴ. 1 з 2´ ٱ Ҽǰ ѵѽ 氯Ϳ ױͰ Ҽǰá ̹´ , Ҽǰ ׹ Ǧ, ¦ Ҽǰ ̹´ 俹 Ҽǰ  ƽη Ҽ ⱻĽ Ǵٴ. 3´ ⱸ 鵻 ǩ Ҽǰ κ Dz 氵 к ǩ ǰ Ҽǰ Ǿٴ. 4´ Ҽǰ 氵 绦 ǩ Ҽǰá κ氵 ׹ ܴ · ᰤҼ Ǿ 5´ 4 ٹŸη Ҽǰ ٹ 氵 ⱻ ǽ ױ ޵޹ǩ߾ ǰ÷ Ⱦ ýǴٴ. 6 з´ ý绡 谡 ױ վη ǻ ýǴٴ. . Ҽǰ ⱻĽ 1. ٱ 氯Ϳ Ҽǰ 1. 氦氯Ϳ ý ޱ 2. Űý 3. ǰ Ϳ Ҽǰá (1) ޱ (2) (3) ׹ 2. Ҽǰ ׹ ƺ 1) Ҽ ݹ (1) Ҽ ׹ Ҽ 䳺 Ͱη ´ ٴ ٴٴ. , ´ 氦 ߹ 氦 氦 á Ҽ Ľ Ϳ Һ ǩ Կٴ(ȴ, 1975) 󶭼 , ⱶ 𵡿 á εij ٴ԰ ŭٴ. ι氦 , Ҽ ƺ Ա´ ´ ױͰ Ҽ ǻ á ȵٴ´ ٴ. Ҽ к´ η´ ȵٴ. < 1> ´ ٹͿ ´ ǩ ױ ƺ ݹ ٴ. 쿮Ϳ Ҽⱻ Ϳ Ա , 봸, ̹  쿱η Ա ٴ. Ƕ , ׹  ý , 󻡿 Ҽ Ա ´ ʾٴ. Ҽ Ϳ Ƹ ð, ƺ ƺ ݹǩ Ҽ ٴ԰ ѵ, 쿱ý´ 鵡 Ҽ Ա ǩ ç Ա ٴ. ¼, η´ , Ÿ׾, ݱ Ա ǵ´, Ҽ ٴ Ͱ Ҽ Ͽ к ´ ʾ ý ٴ ڰٴ. <DZ- 1> 俹 Ҽ кǹ (Ҽ ⱻ 2) ü ( ׹ ׹ ޱ ǰ Ž (ҼŸ ⱸ 񺺽 Ÿ κ ׹ κӼ Ÿ ý ٱη 300 700 300 20 100 200 100 100 20 50 100 50- , , ۼ 쿡 Ҽ ýٱη 50 - ⱸ 쿡´ ٴ 400 700 ٴ - Ҽ ýٱη 30 - ( ׹ , (ҼŸ ⱸ 񺺽 Ҽ ýٱη 10 - (ҼŸ Ÿ 쿡´ 300 - 봸 (Ҽ 4), ׹ , , ׹ ⱸ 񺺽 ׾ NT$ 4,000 , ׾ NT$ 12,000 ׾ NT$ 4,000 Ÿ ׾ NT$ 4,000- Ҽ й ´ ƾ , ´ Ͱ 1967 9 Ǥ ɷ ȵ Ҽġ - Ɑ ҼǺ Ϸǵ 氵 ´ ̹. - 봸 κк 볿ǹη 蹦. - 氦ǰ 5~6 ٴ . (Ҽⱻ 2) Ÿ ҼŸ(񺺽300 Ǫ ݱ1ﾣ 100 Ǫ ݱ 3ø 50 Ǫ ݱ1ø - Ҽýá ȵ ޴ ʵ. ݹ Ͱ Ҽⱻ Ͱ - ݱ Ա𸦸 Dz  ̹- ǩ Ҽ,ǵ ױ к߾ ƾҴ Ͱ ܿ Ա Ҽ Ϳ Ÿ׾ η ݹǩ ýðη ޴ Ա.(SBA; Small Business Act 3)- η кý () 񺺽 ҼŸ Ÿ ǰ (÷  Ÿ׾ 200 ~ 800޴ 200 ~ 750 ޴ 950~ 2200 ޴ 950 ޴ 100 ޴ ձ 500 ~ 1,500 Ҽ(SBA) ݹǰ к´ 3 ձ Ÿ׾ 1,700Һ η , ǰ 쿡´ 700Һη .  - Ҽ ư . κ ýý ȵ Ա ʾⱧ Ҽ ǩ Ա . - Ƨ 氦 ( ý η , ( Ҽ ܴη , ( ҼͿ 氵 η , ܿκ 蹡 ǩ Ͱ- Ƨȡ Ҽ ; ýǩ 3 氦 . ױ ǽ ٴ ٴ ǩ - Ƨ (1963) ҼŸ Ÿ ǰ î Ÿ 񺺽 ۼ Ľ 200 Ű׾ 50,000 Ű׾ 200,000 25 󻿵 Ű׾ 50,000 Ű׾ 100,000 ư 5 ⼡ ׹ 羶Ҽ ܿ- 1963 η 1979 1980 ǹǼ ݹǩ  ()- Ҽ 䳡 ȵ ߰´ . ݹη к . - (K. J. Gantzel): Ҽ Ƕ´ ԰ 氵 ȵ Ƕ ٴ Աǩ 氦 Ա. - 봥 η´ ҼҼ(des Institute fur Mittrlstandsforschung) 湤κ ʵ. - ҼҼ к´ η , , Ҽ Ϳ Ÿ׾ η к. - Ҽ ý氦 ´ 氦 ɴ 绸 ɴ к 쿱η ǵ κʵ. 湤κ к ǰ Ÿ ҼŸ ׹ Ľ  Ҽ 50 500 (ⱦ к´ ƤĦ ε ʾҾ) - 50 - Ÿ׾25鹸 - Ÿ׾鹸 (ⱦ к´ ƤĦ ε ʾҾ) (ⱦ к´ ƤĦ ε ʾҾ)- ´ 1976ⳡ ߹ȵ Ҽ . ױ ̹ ´ Ͱ ƾϴ, ´ Ͱ ٴ к. - ǰ η к. - 湤κ Ǥκ к . : 绫 绹, 俹 Ҽ, 1993.12 紹 뿻 , Ͱ. (2) 쿮 Ҽ ׹ 쿮󶡿 Ҽ ýη Աȵ Ͱ 1961 7 Ҽ ǵ鸭 κٴ. ý ´ Ҽ ý 5 100( 200 )η ׾ 2ø Ƕ´ 氵´ Ƕ´ η Ա ٴ. ױ 12 , ȵ Ҽǿ´ Ϳ Ա Ǹη Ҽ Ͽǵ, ױ ǵ´ ԱͿ Ƕǵ Կٴ. 쿮 氦 ǽ Ҽ ׹ ٱ ÷ȵ Ͱ 1966 12 Ҽ ǵ鸭 κٴ. 1963 ȵ Ҽⱻ η Ͱη ý Ϳ ׾ Ҽ η Ǵٴ. ⱻ <DZ-2> ´ ٹͿ 3 Ű ô ٴ. Ƹ ð, 俻뿺 κ ǵ´ Ҽ Ա Ͱٴ. ѵ, Ҽ , رη ýȵ Ͱ Ҽû , ߹ý κ · ȵ 3 (1982.12)ٴ. ¼, 3³(1982.12.31) Ҽ ƺ ݹǵϷ Ǹη Աη κ ̹ Ա ٱǴ´, ´ ǽη Ҽ ý´ Կٴ. ݳ, ױ Ⱦ Ҽ ´ ǵ´ Ǹη ǵ Կٴ. ´ · Ȧ ǩ ߰Ա Ҽ æ Ͱٴ. ױ åú ơ ´ · ǩ ߹, ǵ´ Ҽ ྭýٴ. ױ Ż ޹´ ߰Ա Ҽ ױ Ҽ ߹ ܴ Ǻǵ Ҽ ǵ԰ ٴ. ٴ, 3 ´ Ҽ η Ǵٴ. ױ 񺳱 볿 ý (ⱻýɷ 1), Ӽ´ 쿡´ Ա´ Ǧ ǩ ٴ(ⱻýɷ 2). Ƕ Ҽ ý Ҽ кǩ ԱǴٴ. 4³ Ƕǩ Ҽ û Ǵٴ. Ϳ Ű 쿮 Ҽⱻ´ 绾 η Ҽ к , ƺ Ա𸦸 ·η ǵϷ ٴ. <DZ- 2> Ҽⱻ (1966.12 1840)1³(1976.12 2996)2³(1978.12 3125)3³(1982.12 3650)4³(1995.1, 4897)Ҽ - () ý ׾ - кҼ - () ý ׾ - к Ҽ Ա ý 300, ׾5 Ա ýðη η η .  Ҽ - : ý - Ҽ Ҽ η к - к Ҽ Ƕ - ккҼкҼкҼкҼ ۼý 200, ׾ 5ø ۼý 300, ׾ 5 ۼý 20ý 21~300 ۼýٱη 50  񺺽ý 20, ׾1øǰý 50, ׾ 5 ǰ20 21~200ǰýٱη 30  ÷´ 񺺽ý 20, ׾ 5ø(Ÿ 2) ׹ 񺺽56~20( ׹ , (ҼŸ ⱸ 񺺽ýٱη 10( ƺ Ա  ǩ ɷɷη к ޴ ) - Ա, Ǵ η Ҽ ƾ 3ⳣ Ҽη - Ҽý, ý, ý, Ҽ Ҽý, ιӼý - Ҽɽɴ- Ҽ ý : ҼǿӾ, Ҽⱻ dz, 1987.8: 10-13 뿻 Ͽ Ͱ. 2) Ҽǰ (1) ǰ ƺ Ҽǰ ǻ η Ҽ ´ Ƥ ι氦 ƺ ױ ƺ ݹǩ Աǵ߾ ٴ. 󶭼 Ҽǰ Ա ⱡ վ ǰ ƺ ´ Ͱ 쿱ǵ߾ Ͱٴ. Ҽǰ Ϳ ÷ȵ ǰ ƺ Ƹ ٴ ٴ. ǰ ð, ߹ ٴ. 󶭼 ýɴ ݰ ᰤǵ´ ޴ ¡ ޱ Ľ ٴ. 󶭼 ǰ Ÿ ߹ · ´ 俸 ԰ ȵٴ. Ƕ ޱ ý , Ա𸰺, к߾η ޱ η ǹη ý ǭ ٴ. ѵ, ǰ ´ ǰ뿪 ޱ () Һк()´ ƺ ԰ ٴ. ױ ǰ껸´ ݰ , к߾η к ޱ к ٴ. ¼, 껡 ǵ´ 볿 񺳱 볿 η ƺ ´ٴ. ݹ, 껡 ´ ´ 谹 ױ ´ 볿· Ӽ , ɴ· ´ η Ÿ ٴ.  ݳ Ҽ ǵޱ 谦 ´ ǰǰ´ ޴ Ҽ Ⱦ ǰ´ ǰͿ ޱη 谡 ٴ. 󶭼 氵 Ǿ Ҽǰ ƺ ٴ ۹ ٴ. Ϳ ǰ ƺ ´ ٴٴ. ױǹη κ η Ҽ ǰ η ´ ʾɵ Ͱٴ. ´ ٴ ǰ ƺ Ҽⱻ ݹȵ Ͱ 1³(1976.12) Ͱη ٴ. Ҽⱻ ý´ ǵٴ 1 ý Ҽ ǰ кǩ 50 Ϳ ׾ 5Ǧ η ýη ԱǴٴ. ׾ Ǵ ´ Ƕȵ Ǵٴ. ´ ǰ Ϸ 볿 ǵޱ к ɴǩ ٴ ý 信 ٴ´ ױ ´ Ͱη ȵٴ. ױ 3³ ε η Ҽ к, Ҽ кǵϷ ǡ ǰ ý η, Ҽ ý 20η, ý 200 η ǶǴٴ. ױ 1995 1 4³ý Ҽ 봦 Ҽ ý 30 η Ƕǩ ٴ. ۹ ݱ η Ҽǰ Ƹ, ո Ҽ´ ý 200 η ǩ Ҽⱻ ٴ(2 1 ýɷ 1). ι´ 1 Ҽ ݱ ǹ Űǩ ý 20Ű ׾ 5ø()η Ա , Ž뿸ݱ Ҽǰ η ý ʾƾ Ҽⱻ Ϳ ǵ´ Ͱη ٴ. Ƕ Ա(ýɷ 11) ŭ η Ҽǰ ý 200 η Աǩ Ҽⱻ ٴ. 󻡿 Ҽǰ ´ Ҽ Ϳ ǡ Ӽη ǵ Կ ˾ ٴ. ´ ױȾ Ҽ κ ⱶ · Ȧ ߰ ȡ ױ á ε Կ ̹ٴ. ױ 1995⳻ Ҽ ݹǰ ´ ǰ 95.6% 2,768á ٴ.  Ƕ ι Ҽǰ ܿ´ η ý 200 Ǧ η ױ ٴ. (2) Ҽ ǰ ׹ ˰ . Ҽǰ Ҽ Ա ÷ǩ ǵ´ ´ ױ ׹ Ϳ ÷ȵ Ͱٴ. ݹη ´ Ҽ ǰ η ´ , ܿ η Ÿ׾, ݱ ǵ´ Ͱ ˾ ٴ. 󶭼 Ɑ´ Ҽǰ ´ ǵ´ 紺 ˰Ǹ, Ҽ ǰæ к´ ǽ ݹ ´ Ϳ ױ 紺 ˰ η ٴ. ո Ҽǰ ǩ ǵ´ ϴ´ 鵻 Ƹ, ð, ǩ к´ (볿 ) ױ ޴߾ Ͱٴ. , ʾ ܴ η Ҽ Ա´ Ͱ 볿ྵ Ű ٴ´ ǡ ɴ Ͱٴ. Ϳ Ҽⱻ´ ·η , 񺳱 ǭ´ ǩ ܴ ر ٴ. ѵ, Ÿ׾ кη ´ , Ƥ 껮 ޱݰ Ű Ҽٴ ԱͿ Ÿ׾ Ա𸡰 ʾ԰ȵٴ. Ƕ Ÿ׾ Ա𸵵 ޴ǹη Ƥκ ٴ κٴ Ƹη ½ٴ, Ҽ ǽ Ա𸡿 ޴ кǵ԰ ȵٴ´ Ⱦ´ٴ. ¼, ݱ кη ´ Ҽ ´ ǽ ݱ Ǿ Һɴ, кⱡ Ʒٴ. Ϳ  Ҽ к Ʒٴ´ Ⱦ´ٴ. 󶭼 Ҽ ǰ ׹ ´ 쿮 ǰ ƺ ݹη , 氦߹ܴ ׹ ǰ Life Cycleܴ谡 ᰤǵ߾ Ͱٴ. ǡ Ҽǰ ׹ ˰ ٴ ٴ. ո Ҽ ǰ η ʾ ǵ, ױ Ⱦη Ÿ׾(Ƕ´ ޱǵ׾) ޱ ȵٴ. ױ Ÿ׾ ð, ǰ Ÿ׾ 氵´ ǰͿ ǹǼ ǩ ԰ ǵ, ǹǼ õ , ѵ, ǰ κ ⱶܴη η ȵٴ. 󶭼 ǰⱡ Ȳ ǡ´ η кǵ´ Ҽǰ η Ҽɵ ٴ. Ƕ ޱ ð, κ ޱǵ׾ ɴ·ýη ʵ η´ ױ · Ȯɵ Ͱ, ѵ, Ҽǰ ǵ´ ݹ Ҽ ǰ ӻƾϴ ǰ ǩ߾ ´, ޱ ױ η ǰ ǩ η к Ʒٴ´ ´ٴ. 󻡿 ٹͿ Ⱦη ˰ȵ ý ´ ¡ٴ. 󶭼 Ѵ ƺ鵻 ǩ ýðη ˰ɵ Ͱٴ. Ҽǰ ȸ, ׹ ݱ η кǧ ȸ ´ ǰ ´ Ͱǹη Ɐ ƺ 信 Ͱٴ. 󶭼 Ÿ׾ ޱǵ׾ η кǩ Ͱٴ. ױ ݱ ƺ ǩ߾ ǹη ¡η η ǵ, Ҽ ٱη ܿ  ȵ ý ǰ ƺ ݹǩ , ý ׹ ܿ ٱ Աη к ǩ ϿǵϷ ǩ߾ Ͱٴ. . Ҽǰ Ƕ Ҽ ǰ ´ Ҽ κ ȵ Ⱦ ǰ Life cycleܴ谦 ǩ ǵ߾ Ͱٴ. 󶭼 쿱η ˰ǵ߾ Ǻ Ҽ κ ý á 𵡿 ¸ ´ Ͱٴ. Ҽ á κ ٱ ߹ǡ κ ý ⱻǺ ⱸ á · · ȸ ǻ , ݱ ǩ · ´ Ҽ Ͱ ٴ. Ϳ κ ⱶ Ųƺ ýɴη ͱ ٴ ٴ. 󶭼 Ҽǰ ǰ ýɴ ȹ ǩ ǵ߾ Ͱٴ. Ƕ´ η ǩ ´ ǩ ý, ߹ ´ ´ Ҽ, ҼԱ Ż ޹ Ϸ ǩ߾ ٴ. ǰ ý Ÿ ݱ ƾ  ٴ. ƾ´ ý´ Ǹη ε߾ Ͱٴ. (1) Ҽǰ  Ҽǰ ´ ԰ ȸ Ϳ ׹ ݱη к ٴ. ո ȸ η´ 绡 ߹ ߹湧Ļ Ա´ ɷη , ׹ ɷܿ ⡿ Ҽ ȸ () ٴ. ߹ ƻ Ż ´ ݹ η ߹ ߹湧Ļ ٴ(<DZ-8>¶). <DZ-8> ⡿ Ҽ ȸ   ǵ´ ǰ´ ݱ 1ﾣ Ƕ´ ý 300 η Ա . ױܿ ǿ, , ǵ Ҽη ޱ . ׹ , , ܴ ǰ ྻ , ɷ Ҽ԰ ߹ ´ Ͱ ε ε ɴͰ ǭ´ ɴ Ҽ԰ ⱸȦ . 1. ȸ ƾϴ ⱸ ȸ η . (, Ҽ ¡ Ϸ ·) 2. 4 ٹŸη Ҽ 湧Ļ Ÿ⳶ٴ ᰤ 3. 湧 ǽȦ ȸ Ÿ⳵ Ҽ ǽ Ž԰ . Ž ,  Ħ ǵϷ 俻 . 4. ܴ´ η´ ǵ ʾ ױͿ ÷ȵ ýû ǵϷ 俻޹. Ҽ ׹ ǽ Ÿ ٴ ױ ½ , 1993⳵ Ϳ ǽ ߹׾ 39.9%,Ϳ37.7%η ŵ. : , 氦κ, 쪫̽, 1980, pp.202-211. ᰤ ǰ Ÿ ǰ Ҽ ǡ ǩ´ ޴ ǩ ߹η ǩݱ Ҽǰ ⱸȦ ȸ ߹ ( ྐྵݱ׾ ´ ޱٴ ǰ ´ Ͱ ǵϷ ), ޱ , к߹ 뿻 ٴ. 1994 Ҽǰ ´ 538,000η ǰ 98.9 , ǰ 50%(ݱ׾ η´ 52.1%) Ҽ԰ ߹ǵ ٴ. Ϳ ݱ ´ ⱻη Ҽ 38(1963) ȵ Ҽٱ봭 ǩ ٴ. ´ ԰ Ƥη ´, , ٱ봭Ȧ 信 ٴ ǵ´ ָη ǭ ǽŶ绦 ǽý Ҽٱ봭ɽ ߰ Ž(ǰ ǰŽ) ٱ봭 谹ȳ ä ݱ Ħ ޹ ԰ ȵٴ. ޱ ߾ 信 ´ 谡 η谹ȳ , Ž ½ 쿡´ Ƥη ȵٴ. ǽý, Ҽܴ ٱ봭谹ȥä ٴ ݱ Ϳ 󻢰 Ħ ޹ ٴ. Ҽǰ , , ǿǻ ױ ưη  ٴ. Ǫ Ƹ, 稳 ݹ : ´ Ҽ浼 ׹ ι , ư, κ ҼͿ Žư, Ž ޱ κ 氨ȵٴ. Ƕ  ǵǹη ݱ ǭ Ҽ浸η îȵٴ. ݹ : ҼԱ԰´ 氨ǵ, ݱ , 湼 氨, ι ձ 氨 ġ ٴ. ǿ  : ǿǺ ݹ ٴ , к ռݱ, ǡݱ ݱ ʾⱵ , Ҽ κ ռݱ ǵ ʾ, 湼 氨ǵ, Ҽ 껼 , Ҽ 氨 ưġ ٴ. Ƕ, ߹ , ݱ ׹ í ǵ ʾ´ٴ. ư : Ҽ ٱ봭Ϳ Ҽ  , ྻ 񺦸 ԰  󻢰(46), ýǬ о, κݱ(к) 󻢰 ׾ ưġ  ٴ. ٴη Ҽǰ ݱ Ƹ, Ҽݱ, ιݱ κ Ҽݱ ưκ, Ҽ ݱ, ٱ봭ݱκ, Ҽܴ ݱ, ܴ ǰ ݱ Ž(ë) 5η ´ 뿻 ԰ ˾ƾ ٴ ٴ. κҼݱ ưκ: Ҽ ι ݱηκ ޹  κ ݱ 3 Ͽݱ ǽý ٴ. 3 Ҽݱ, ιݱ, Ӿݱ ٴ. . Ҽݱͷ : ݹݱ´ ޹ ݱ η ٴ. ׾ κ ݱ κ š´ ưκͿ ݹκ ´, ݹ κ´ ǰ ݱ 1ﾣ 300 绪 , ǰ÷ 񺺽´ ݱ 1,000 Ű 50 绪 η ݱ, ݱη ɴٴ. . ιݱͷ: ιݱͷ´ Ҽ 񺳱 ҼԱ η Ҽ׾ݱ κ Ҽ24(1949) ׾κη ǵٴ. ݱ´ ݱ 1,000 绪 100 绪 , ǰ÷ 񺺽 ´ ݱ 1,000 绪 50 绪 η ݱ ׹ ݱη ٴ. ٴ. Ӿͷ: Ӿͷ Ҽǿ ⱸ, η ҼԱ η´ ܴ ݱ η Ҽ11(1936)ⳡ ǵٴ. Ҽ׾ݱ Ž뿶  봮η´ ٴ. Ӿͷ͡ ҼӼȵ ݰ´ ܴ ǽ ܴ()Ϳ ױ ׹ Ӿͷ͡ Ӽ´ η ǰ ´ Ͱη ݰ ǵ , ݱ, ݱ  κ ٴ. Ҽ ݱ : κ ǩ Ž뿸ǸȦ 氯, ݱ Ͱ Ҽá Ϸ ٴ. ´ ó η ´, ױ ǰ Ͱη´ ޱ氵κ, 氵Ⱦ봥κ, 봥κ, 봥ö ٴ. ⱻ ǰ Ǯ ǰ 湡 ٴٴ. ٱ봭ݱ κ: ´ Ҽ ٱ봭Ȧ ý Ҽǰá Ž񺦸 ݱ 1/2 η κ ٴ. η 100 Ҽ鸭 , , ǰ, Dz, , , ´ η ٴ. κ ޹ ǭ´ 㴸 ٴ. ݱ: Ҽܴ ԳԤ Ͱη Ҽá ·ǭ ǽý , ǰ, ݱ κ .η ´ ٴ. ´ ݱ ױ ʾ 谹 ܴ谡 ܴ ǵ Ͱ ٴ. ȶ ´ ױ ǰ 뿡ɴ η´ ý, ϴ, ǰҼ, ý, ٴ. Ž뿸 : Ҽ ݱ ޹ ë ´ ٴ. Ǹ ǽý ´ Ҽ ٴ. ´ η ׾ 쿡´ 㴸 ٴ. 󻡿 Ҽǰ ơ» ٴ ٴ. ð, Ҽٱ봭 к η ǵ ٴ. ѵ, ɴ Ҽǰ ´ ٴ. ¼, Ҽǰæ η ⱸ ȸ η Ÿ ׾ η ᰤ ٴ. ݳ, ٴ ݱ к ٴ. ٴ, κݱ´ ݱ ǰ񺡿 ݱ ´, ݱ 쿡´ ݹ Ҽǰ ٴ ǵ ٴ ҼԱ ǰá á ¸ ˾ ٴ. (2) ̹ Ҽǰ  ̹ 쿡´ Ա ´ ´ ҼԱ ׹ Ҽ 氵´ η Ҽ(Small Business Act) ηױ ǵ´, Ɑ´ 湤κ ǵ´ 湶޴(GSA) 쿱޴ ηױ ɽη ƻٴ. 쿱޴ ηױ ()Ҽ(SBA) Աȵ Ҽ(ݹǰ ´ Ű 3ⳣ ձ ⳣ 950 ޴1,700 ޴ , ´ ٴ. Ƕ ǰ´ 700޴), ҼԱ(绸氦 (Minority) Ҽ, Ҽ, 볿·  ׹ ý·־(Ž־ Ҽ η ٴ. ɷ ´ Ǥ 鵡 ¡Ǧ ǵϷ 俸 ٴ. κ ǡ ǵ Ǥ Ÿ ¡ Ǧ , ⳵ SBA , SBA ǽ (Office of Advocacy) ױ ᷦ ɷ ٴ. 1995 ɷ ȡ κ ´ ҼԱ 25%, MinorityҼ 5%, Ҽ ǭ 5%η 1995⳵ ޴׾ 15474 500޴, ױ ޱ ޴ 쿱´ ҼԱ 23.7%ٴ. ⱻ ǡ 湶޴ ߹, , Ҽ, ´ ư ǰ ҼԱ ,Minority, Ҽ, 봺 Ҽ´ 쿱η 绦 ´ 쿱߹ ηױ(Set Aside Program) , , 湵ý ý ´, ´ 봶Ϳ´ ٴٴ. ߹ 10% ٴ. Ƕ 25000޴ ´ set aside ǵ, 绡 100޴ ѳ 嵡 , 绦 к߹ǩ η ٴ. ױ 湶޴ (GSA) ýǵ´ ҼԱ ηױ  ҼԱ 2η κ ýݰ ´  ޴ κ Ƕ´ κ 鵻 ȵٴ. Ƕ 2 5000޴ ྺ ҼԱ ٴ. ҼԱ ޱ ׹ ǵޱ 1995⳵ ޴ 쿱 ´ 32%ٴ. 󻡿 ̹ Ҽǰ ơº ٴ ٴ. ð, ̹ Ҽ á ȡ ٴ. ѵ, 󶭼 η ҼԱ á ¸ ٴ. ¼, ¡η κ Ҽ(Ҽǰ) Ǧ , ý ٴ. Ϳ Һ ĮϴƾͿ ϴƾ ´ ޴ Űη ´ ǰ鵡԰ 쿱DZ ȵٴ. (3) Ůƾ Ůƾ Ҽǰ ´ Ⱥ ǰý Ÿ Ͱη ٴ. 󶭼 Ůƾ´ Ҽǰ鵻 ǩ  û ǽý ´ ˰´ Ͱ Ҽǰ鵻 Ⱦ ý Ÿ Ͱٴ. Ůƾ ǰ GNP 10%( 500 ) , ǰ ´ 20, ױ 1 95ó, 7 ´ 1 2óٴ. 80 á Ͽ 40% , Ҽǰá 60%η GDP 6% ٴ. Ůƾ´ ǰ Һȡ Ҽǵ Ա 绡 Ǵ ٴ Ա𸡰 绵 鸭 Ҽ ý оڹ ٴ. Ƕ 绦 Կ, ´ ǰ(CM) ߹ κк ǻá ٴ. 󶭼 Ҽǰ Ϳ ´ ⱸȡ Ҽ´ üٴ. Ƕ Ű´ ǩ ٴ 绦 к߹ǩ Ҽǰ ǵϷ Ǵ ´ κк ߹԰ ǵ Ҽǰ´ ǵޱη 绦 ø԰ ǵ´, κк ǵޱ ߹ ǭ ٴ. ȡ Һ Ҽ ⱻ湧ĺ κ ý Ҽ´ ε ٴ. ױ ٴ Ƹη´ Ҽǰӻƾϴ Ҽ η Ÿ ٴ ǹη Ҽ · ö· , ý ´ û · ٴ. η´ ð, ߹ á԰ 쿱 ߹ǵϷ ٴ. Ľ ٴ´ Ͱ 鸡 ٴ. ѵ, η â Ҽý(JV) Ǻǩ ǵϷ ǩ · Ϸ ٴ. JV  쿵 , ǰͿ η ƺǵ´ 쿵 ٴ. ܿ κ ´ η´ ٴ Ͱ ٴ. . : ٱ ϴ´ Ͱ Ǵٴ. Ͱ ǰӻƾϴ Ҽ η ݱ, ٴ ijŮ 񺺽 ´ η Ҽ 氵鵡԰ η ´ ٴ. . : ´ ߹ ݱ, ijơ ݱ  ٴ. Ƕ Ҽ 湮ǭ ´ ⱸ ´, Ͱ  𸩿  η ´ Ŵ η κ´ ´ 氻 ٴ. ٴ. ö: ޱ, ݱҺ ⱸ ٴ Ŷ öŻ ٴ. ö ݱҺ ⡿ ǭ , η 绡 ġ ´ Ǿ ȡ Ʀ ߹߰´ Ͱ Ȼ ٴ´ Ͱٴ. 4 Ŵ ʳ Ȳ, ĩŮ 2¦ 뿡 ǭ ٴ. Ǫ Ŵ´ 12κ 20 ¡ ٴ. ý ¡´ ŶͿ ÷ǩ · Ǵٴ. Ůƾ Ҽǰ ú վ ε Ϳ´ Ÿ ٴٴ. ð, ȸ ƾ , á 氵 · Ȧ ε ٴ. ѵ, , 绤 ǩ ˾ ´ 뿻 ٴ. ¼, Ҽý , · 氵 ׹ Ҽǰ鵣 · ٴ. Ůƾ ´ ý湻 ¸ǩ ġ Űǵ´ 쿮 Ҽǰ Ҽǰ鵡 Ⱦ ɽ´ κ ׹ Ǹȡ ý绡 Ͱٴ. (4) 쿮 Ҽǰ ׹ 쿮 ݹ Ҽǰ ÷ȵ 鵺 Ű 봦 ױ á ¸ ٴ. Ϳ ÷ȵ η´ ޱǦ, Ǧ, Ǻ߹, ҼԱ ྦ, ޱ ǵ ٴ. ױ Һ 绡 Ҽǰ <DZ-9> Ū´ ٹͿ 1991ⳡ´ 45% 1994ⳡ´ 42.9%η Ӽη Ҽ ٴ. <DZ-9> Ҽ ߹ ǽ ܴ: , к1991199219931994κ(A)123,910141,354165,071191,900κ(B)55,70063,38271,46282,299ι(C)88,43879,750121,836133,840Ҽ( %)(D) 814(88.9)1,581(93.6)1,521(92.8)2,496(94.0)Ҽ κ (B/A)45.044.843.342.9 κ ׾B/D68.4340.0946.9832.97 ικ ׾C/D108.6550.4480.1053.62: ǰǸ, Ҽǰ ǽŶ绸, ⳵ : Ҽ 200Ǧ , BͿC´ Ҽ ׾. з Ͱ dz湡 ޱݰ ױ ڰ, ǭ 氯ȡ Һ ޱǦ Ǻ߹  ⱸ ױη ǵ ٴ´ η ȵٴ. Ƕ 쿮󶡿 Ҽⱻ󻡿 Ҽ ٴ ý Աǵ ´ Һ Ҽǰá ǭ´ Ű  õ ǵ ʾ ٴ. ױ Ҽǰ ݱ ÷ȵ ݹǰ Ÿ Ǿ ǽٴ. ݱ ÷ȵ η´ ݱޱͿ ǡ Ž뿸 ǵ ´, ´ ٹͿ ޱݱ ý η ޱǵ ٴ. Ƕ Ҽ Ž뿸ݱ ǵ׾  3,000 ´ ǩ ǰá ° ǵ ٴ. κǩ 1995⳻ ǩ ǰ  ǹ 󻡿 ǵٴ´ Ǫ 80% 20%η ױ Ÿ ǽ, ´ DZ ݱ ú 30%, ý 40%η Աǵ η ǰ鵺 °쿦 ´ ǽٴ. Ϳ ݱ÷ ܿ Ҽⱻ Ա ´ Ҽ 氵 ׹ 氵 ױ 俺 蹡ɵ  ǭ Ż ޹ ´ ǽٴ. Ҽǰ 쿮 , ̹ ׹ Ůƾ 񺳱 , Ҽǰ ´ ð, ÷ Ǥǵ , ѵ, ٴ ´ ޴ Ҽ ǩ Ÿ ǵ ¼, Ҽǰ鵣 ǿ · ý ˾ ٴ. 󶭼 κ´ Ҽǰ 俺 ҺǮ԰ ǵ´ ǽŦ ÿٹη Ǿǩ ǽȺ´ ǩ ر · ǩ߾ Ͱٴ. Ҽǰ ÷ǵ Ⱦ 5 η η ٴ. . Ҽǰ Dzк ´ Ҽ ǰ DzȻ к, ǽ îᷦ к 氵 к ε κкη ԰ кǩ ٴ. ´ ǰ Ҽ ݹǰ Ǿ Ⱦ ´ Ľ ɴ԰ Ͱٴ. 1. κ Dzк 1) к ׹ Dz dz 1988 κ dz 1995 Ա𸰺 ǰ к ׹ DzȺ <> ٴ. dz Ҽ ǰ ޱݰ Ǵ, Ҽ ǰ ε嵯ٴ. 1995⳻ ݹ ǰ 96.5% Ҽ ǰ, 73% Ҽ ǰٴ. 4¡ ɰ dz Һ 1989 ýȵ 2鹸 ǰ Ҽ ǰ Ӽ ýĸ, 94 95ⳡ ɰ ȲȺ ǰ ´ η Ǵٴ. Ϳ Һ Ħ ݰ ǽý´ ǰ ý Ͱ´ 봨 Һ Ҽ ǰ ޱ´ Ǵٴ. 󶭼 1988⳻´ 402(Ҽ 10, 392) ҺǴ Ҽ ǰá 1 dz 1989ⳡ´ Ҽ 208, 639η 1,980%Ϳ 63%η η Ǵٴ. 2, 3, 4¡ ɰ dz湸η 1995⳻ Ҽ 1 919(66.3%), 849(29.3%) ٴ. 1989 39.3% 1995ⳡ´ 27%η Ҽ ݹ, 60.7% 73%η ǩ Ҽ ǰ 89 񺳱ǧ 375.9%´ í ٴ. ´ Ҽ ǰ ɽ η 봯 ٴ. <> Ա𸰺, Dz 2) ׾ Dz Ҽ ǰ ݹ DzȻ Ƹ, <> Ҽ ǰ ձ ǽ Ÿ , dz湡 ױ ´ ɽǵ ٴ. 4¡ ɰ dz ٴ ׾ ྣ Ǵ, Ÿ Ű Ⱦ ǽ Ż ٲ ǩ 1994⳻ 2346 ٴ. 󶭼 dz ǻ Ű ޹ ʾ ˾ ٴ. ݹ, Ҽ dz 1989 92 ױ 94ⳡ ձ ǽ ޱݰ Ҽǩ dz ǻ ԰ ޹ , ݹη ׾ Ҽǩ 1994 ձ ǽ 13(4.1ǰ) Һٴ. 쿡 ý dz ٴ ǽ Ҽ´ Ҽٴ Ҽ ƺ 񺳱 Ⱦȵ ü ٴ. ױ ձ ׾ Ҽ ¡η Ҽǩ 1994 15 3ø(26.5ǰ) Žٴ. <> Ա𸰺 ǽ 3) ǽ ׹ Dz Ҽ ǰ ǽ <> ٴ. 1994 Ҽ ǰ ǽ Ҽ ǰ 85.5%, 13.3%, ǰ 75%, 23.9%η Ҽ ε ǰ绡 ´ ٴ. ý ǰ , Ա𸡰 Ϸ ǰ Ͱη ŭٴ. ü Ƹ, ǰ 30:70η ȵ ݹ, Ҽ 쿡´ η Ϳ ǰ Ÿ ޴ ˾ ٴ. Ϳ Ҽ ǰ ´ 谹ȡ ٴ´ ױ ױ ý ߹ȡ ԰ ǻ ýٴ. , ,,Ҽ  ƾ ٴ. <> Ա𸰺, ǽ ǽ ٴý ߹η кǩ , 80% κ ߹ Ҽ ǰ ձ ǽ Ҽǩ 1994 Ҽ ǽ 2, ι ´ ǽ ´ Ͱη Ū, 31, ι 6 Һǩ ձ ̹´ ǽٴ. ݹ, ι Ű 100 ܿη Ÿ , ǩ 598 Ż ٴ. ´ Ƹη´ Ҽ ǰ Ϳ ٴ Ƹη´ ǭ ü ݹ ȵٴ. 󶭼 ü Ӽȵٴ, 绡  Ҽ ǰ © 蹦ɵ Ͱ´ ´ٴ. ι 绡 κк ǰ 쿡 Ҽ ǰ ձ ׾ Ϳ ¡η , ι κ ε ձ ̹ ´ ǽٴ. Ҽ 쿡´ ι, ε η ǽ κ ɽ Ͱη ŭٴ. dz 92( 1, ι 6) 94( 1, ι 10) ǽ ر ٴ. η ǽ ´ Ǫ Ҽ 񺳱 Ⱦȵ Ŧ Žٴ. ݹ, ǰ 񺳱 Ⱦȵ , ι ǰ ǽ Ӽ ü Ż´, Ͱ ý ǭ ü ݹ Ͱ ȵٴ. 󶭼 Ϳ ü Ӽȵٴ, Ҽ ǰ ɽɵ Ͱ ȵٴ. 4) ߹ ǽ ׹ Dz 5) Ա𸰺 ǽ ׹ Dz η 谹 ҼԱ Ϸ ǰк߾ к߾ ˾ ٴ. η´ ,,Ҽ ε ױ ƾ ٴ. , 1994 Ҽ 1.2%(183) , ǰá ´ Ҽ ǰ ݱ Ҽ ǰ ԰ Ǵٴ. Ҽ 2 9181(19.5%), 5 8,050(38.9%)η ǰ ݱ 58.4% , 1988 14.5% ԰ Ǵٴ. ױ ձ ݱ Ա´, ⱸ η кǵ Ҽη кȵ 95⳻ ܿ, ٴ. ´ ݱ Ա𸡰 Ҽ ǰ ݱ Ա𸡰 η ýٴ. Ҽ ǰ ý ´ 1995 Ҽ 3 723η 13.5% , 5 5 405η 24.4% ǩ 97.6% Ҽ ǰá ´ ý 37.9% ʾ´ٴ. з 񺳱ǩ ǰ ´ ý ´ Ǵ, ´ η Ͱη Ҽ ǰ Ա´ η ܴ ٴ. ձ Ƹ, 1993´ ý ǩ Ҽ ձ 15, 55~60 ܿ ٴ ޱݰ 1994ⳡ´ Ҽ 11, 52η Ҽ ǰ ý ޱݰ Ҽǩ ý Ҽ ǰ Ž · ȸ ɽǴ ٴ. 1995 ձ Ͱ Ҽ к 30 η ޴ ǹη ٹŸη Ҽ ǰá ٴ. 2. 氵 к 1) ׾Ǧ Dzк (1) ݱ Ա𸰺 Dz <> ´ ٹͿ Ҽ鵺 ݹ ݱ 5-10 ̹ η, 1994 57.4% ٴ. ǰ 쿡´ 20-50 ̹ 10-15 ̹ κкη 1994 43.1%Ϳ 23.8% ٴ. η´ Ҽ Ϳ ⱸ ݱ Ա ü Ż, ݱ Ա𸡰 η ´ ü ٴ. Ҽ ǰ 92 94 ݱ 10 ̹ ޱݰ Һ ױ 񺡿 ´ ʾ´ ݹ, 10-15 ̹ 쿡´ 9014.0% 94ⳡ´ 25.5%η Ǵٴ. ´ Ҽ ǰ Ƹη´ ݱ 10 ̹ Ǵ, ٴ Ƹη´ ⱸ ݱ Ǵ ̹ٴ. ý 20-50 ̹ 90ⳡ´ 25.5% 94ⳡ´ 43.1%η Ǵ, 50-100̹ ǩ 94 7.1 Žٴ. <> ݱ Ա𸰺 Dz (2) Ÿ׾ Ա𸰺 Dz Ÿ׾ Ա𸰺 DzȺ <> ٴ. ݹη Ҽ Ÿ׾ κк 20 ̹, 20-100̹ ݹ, 90% 680 Ż Ÿ׾ Ҽ кơ Ÿ رܴ 羻 Žٴ. Ƕ Ÿ׾ Ա𸡰 680 90ⳡ 77.9% Ͱ 94ⳡ´ 88.5%η Ÿ Ͱ Ⱦ Ҽ ǰã Ÿ׾ ݰ´ ɽǵ ´ ǽٴ. Ҽ ǰ dz 92 94ⳡ´ ŽԱ η Ÿ׾ 20 ̹ 88.9%Ϳ 73.6% ޴ ٴ. Ƕ 20-100 92 94ⳡ ޱݰ Ҽ´ Ͱη Ū ýⱡ Ҽ 氵š Ÿ Ǿǵ ýٴ. Ҽ ¡η 92 94ⳡ 20-100 ̹ Ҽ ü Ż Ҽ ɽ´ ʾ, 200-300 ̹ ݱ ǩ Ҽ η Ⱦ ´ Ͱη ܴȵٴ. <> Ÿ׾ Ա𸰺 Dz (3) κ ׾ Dz <> ´ ٹͿ Ա𸡰 Ϸ κ׾ ô´ Ͱ ˾ ٴ. Ҽ κк κ ׾10 ̹ٴ. η´ 91 93ⳡ  κ ׾ 10 50 ̹ ô ݹ, ٴ Ÿ׾ Ҽ ´92 94ⳡ´ Ҽ κá ݹ Ľ´ ٴ ٴ. ´ 92 94 Ÿ׾ Ҽ 氵Ŧ Ǿý, Ҽ ǰ Ž뿵 η ܿκ ݱ ޴ ǵ η ý ٴ. ҼԱ Ϸ κá κ׾ Ҽǰ кͿ к 񺳱 ˾ ٴ. κк 350󻡿 Ӽ 90 89.5% 94 95.4%η ٴ. <> κ׾ Dz 2) Dz к ݱ Ա𸰺 ݱ, Ÿ׾ ׹ κ кƦ ǩ Ҽ ǰ DzȻ ƸҾٴ. Ɑ´ ǩ Ҽ ǰ Ű 10ⳣ ׹ ׹ 氵 -- , , Ⱦ ׹ ȿ-- ܴ ٴ. (1) к ܿ Ž ܴ´ 봥 Ÿ׾ (Ÿ׾ ׾/ⱻ Ÿ׾*100) Ƹ, ݹη ձ ձ ྣ ǩ 񺳱 Ⱦ ´ Ͱη ŭٴ. ױ 95ⳡ´ Ÿ׾ ǩ ݹ ý Ҽ Ͱ ˾ ٴ. Ҽ ⱪ  Ÿ׾ ٴ Ⱦ ´ Ͱη ȵٴ. ǰ ݹ Ÿ׾ Ƹ, ÿ Ϳ 200 ǰ谹 ýȵ 88 Ӽ ü Żٴ dz 92κ ǩ Ǵٴ ٱ ٴý ½ ý Ͱη ŭٴ. Ա𸰺η´ ձ Ÿ׾ ü ٴ. Ƕ 86η Ӽ ձ Ÿ׾ ǩ Ⱦȵ ü ³, 95ⳡ´ ձ (31.7%)ٴ 23.2% ױ ٴ. Ҽ Ÿ׾ ǰͿ ԰ ޴ ܿκ 氯ȡ ι Ͱη ŭٴ. 89 92 ױ 94ⳡ Ÿ׾ ޱݰ ½Ǵ´, 89 ´ ٹͿ ÿ Ϳ 200 谹 ý ȵ η Ͱη Ǿȵٴ. Ƕ 92 94⳺ dz湡 ޱݰ Ͱη ٴ. ݹ, ÿ 200 ǰ Ű ٹ 91 κá ô ý 93, Ϳ Һ ⱡ ǭ 95 Ҽ Ÿ׾ ޱݰ Ǵٴ. <ױ> Ÿ׾ (2) к Ҽ ǰ ȵ ȿӻ ƾϴ  ݱ ´ Ÿ ǻ ̹ٴ. 󶭼 ä η´ ε Ⱦ ´ Ÿ׾ (/Ÿ׾*100) Ǵٴ. <ױ> Ū´ ٹͿ ǰ Ÿ׾ 80 ݹ ȹⱦ Ű 90 ݹ ½ٴ ٱ ٴý ´ Ͱ ˾ ٴ. Ա𸰺η Ƹ, Ÿ׾ ձ ǩ ´ ݹ, Ҽ ܿκ 氯ȡ ιǩ κ ɽ԰ Ū, Ӽη Ǿǵ 95ⳡ´ ޱ߾ η ǵٴ. Ҽ 88 89ⳡ ձ ´ Żٴ 90 ǩ 91 92ⳡ Ħ ٴ. ٱ ´ ݱ ȹ̹ ´ Ǫ ǰ ݹ ǡ 95ⳡ´ 0.8%´ ٴ. 88κ 89ⳡ ɰ Ҽ ƾ´ Ͱ ٹͿ 200 ǰ谹 88ÿ Ͱ ٴ. ױ dz Һ ŽԱ ý´ 뿻 ǩ 90봡 ´ Ÿ׾ ޱݰ ƾ Ͱη ܴȵٴ. 1992 Ÿ׾ ½ Һ Ÿ׾ ??% Ż ý ٴ Ҽ ǰ Ǵٴ´ Ͱ ԰ ٴ. 91´ ձ ´ ٴ 91 ǩ 93 94ⳡ´ ձ عҾ, 95ⳡ´ η ǩ -0.2% Ϸ ٴ. ´ 95⳵ Ա𸰺 îͿ ǩ Ƹ, ʳ κ Ÿ׾ Ϳ , ޱ ݱ ý (κ Ÿ׾ ǩ Ÿ׾ ) äȵٴ. <ױ> Ÿ׾ (3) Ⱦ Ⱦ Ż´ κ ( ܴ ݱ ޱɴ· ſ) Ƹ, <ױ> ´ ٹͿ ݹη ҼϷ κ ƾ κ Ա𸰺 кDz ױ Ƹ ٴ. Ҽ 85 86 ǰ Һⱦ 88 ٱ κ ձ Ǹ ٴ. 89⳻ ܿ Ӽ ձٴ κ ٴ 93 κ ½ǩ 95 ´ ձ ´ 557.2% Žٴ. 󶭼 93 Ÿ׾ ǩ 95ⳡ´ Ż´ Ͱ ݱ Ͱη ٴ. 92 (/κ*100) Ӽη Ǿǵ 95ⳡ´ 100% 96.8%η ǵٴ(100%´ Һ Ŧ ſ). ´ ܴ ݱ ܿκ ԰ ô ýٴ. ݹ, Ҽ Ÿ׾ ¡η ܿκ氡 ԰ ǵ´ Ͱη ٴ. 88 ½ǩ Ǵٴ ޱݰ 93 94ⳡ´ ٴý Ǿȵ Ͱη ŭٴ. 95 Ҽ ½ Ͱ ƾ Ҽ к ȡ ǻ 蹦 Ͱٴ. 󶭼 ܴݱ κ 94 95 Ҽ ǰ κ η Ͱη ܴȵٴ. (4) ȿ к (5) 氵 ơ: î к 氵 빱 Ǿ ǭ´ 氵 ý Ǿ ߾ ٴ. <ױ>´ , , Ҽ ǰ 95⳵ 氵DzȻ îη Ž Ͱٴ. ݹη 羣, 氵š ۻ Ͱ ˾ ٴ. Ҽ 쿡´ Ż´ , ׹ Ÿ׾ 羣 Ͱη ŭٴ. ױ ´ Ҽ ׾ ̹´ Ͱǹη ̹ٴ ٴ. ´ Ҽ (/*100) ݹ, (Ÿ׾/) η Ͱη ٴ. κǩ 95⳵ Ҽ ȡ 氵ǡ ̹ ǵ Ⱦǩ߾ Ͱٴ. Ƕ Ҽ Ÿ׾ ٴ Ÿ׾ ƾ ܿ η ٴ Ͱη ơȵٴ. 󶭼 Ҽ鵺 Ÿ׾ ǩ Ȳ ߾ Ͱ, ٴ ܿ ٱŰ Ǿǩ ´ Ⱦ ǩ߾ Ͱٴ. Ÿ׾ ƾ η κٴ. Ƕ κ ݹ, η ƾ κá , ܴޱɴ· ´ Ͱη ŭٴ. Ⱦǧ Ͱ η η ٴ. Ƕ Ÿ׾ ´ ǽη 氵´ Ÿ ɽ Ǿ Žٴ. ױǹη 鵺 ø ٴ´ ǩ , κ ǩ ǽ , ٴ ݱ ܴޱɴ· ȸ´ ǽ ٴ´ 氵 ǩ߾ Ͱٴ. <ױ> 95⳵ Ա𸰺 氵 3. Ҽǰ 1) ҼԱ ι ǰ Ҽ ǰ κ Dzк , Ҽ ǰ ι߹ ǰ Ͱη ŭٴ. ٴý Ա𸰺η Ƹ, Ҽ 50̹ 绡 κк Ǵ, ٱ 100 ǵ´ , 봼η 100̹ 绡 ٴ. ´ Ҽ ǰ Ա ´ ´ 鸵 , ߰ 쿡´ ױٴ ޱǵ׾ Ϳ Ǻ ߹ Ա𸰺η ⱸ ߰ 100 ⱸȦ η ٴ. Ϳ Һ ٱ PQ 봵 100 绡 Ҽ ǰæ 蹦´ Ǫ η Ͱٴ. 󶭼 ǭ ü Ⱦǧ 100 绡 Ҽ ǰ 蹦ǵ ʾϷ ´ Ⱦ ǵ߾ Ͱٴ. 2) Ա ɽ <>´ dz dz Ҽ ǰͿ ã κ DzȻ 񺳱 Ͱٴ. ǡ ´ ٹͿ Ҽ ǰ 氵 Ա´ dz湡 Ϳ ݹʷǩ η Ǯ ´ ǽٴ. ո Ҽ ǰ 88ⳡ´ 85% Ͱ 94ⳡ´ 95%η Ǵٴ. ǽŦ Ҽ ǰ η Ƹ, dz´ 566.2% Ͱ dz 1994ⳡ´ 1,9053.3%η Ҽ ǰ η Ͱ ˾ ٴ. Ҽ 4300% ȵٴ. ݹ, Ҽ ǰ ´ 绰 ´ 42.3% ݹ, ȡ´ 40.9%η ҼǴ´, ´ 69.3% Һٴ. ٴý ձη , Ҽ ǰ ´ 13% Ͱ ȡ´ 3.6%η Ҽ ǰ ǽ η Ͱ ˾ ٴ. Ƕ Ҽ ǰ η´ 18.6% 56.2%η η Ǵ, ´ Ͱη ձ 3.0%η ȩ ´ Ͱ ٴ. <> dz Ҽ ǰ 氵Dz 񺳱 3) <ױ> Ҽ ǰ ձ ׾(1990 Һݰ ) Ÿ׾ ױ Ž Ͱٴ. ױ ´ ٹͿ Ҽ ǰ ձ ׾ Ϳ ݹʷ 谦 Ż, Ÿ׾ Ϳ ʾ´ Ͱη ŭٴ. ޱݰ 92 94ⳡ ׾ ε Ҽ ´, 94ⳡ´ ǵ ٴ. ǰ Ա𸰺 Ÿ׾ 񺳱 <ױ> ǰ ´ ƾԴ ܴη ٴ. ױ ´ ٹͿ 9093´ ǰ ӻƾϴ Ҽ ǰ Ҽ ӻƾϴ á ǭ Ÿ ˾ ٴ. 93 쿡 Ҽ ǰ Ҽ Ű 4蹡 ޴Ǵٴ. 󶭼 dz湡 η ´ ǰ ŽԱ ӼӼ Ͱ ø´ 氦´  紬 ͱ Ͱٴ. ױ ױ 94ⳡ´ Ҽ ǰ η ǩ Ҽ ǰ Ҽ øٴ ƾٴ. Ƕ ǰ Ϳ Ա , κǽý 绸 ݹ Ľ η Ӽη ҼǴٴ. ޱݰ Ҽη 95 Ҽ ǰ ޱ߾ 0.05% ǵ, 0.9% Һ԰ ǵٴ. 鵺 ǰ ٴý ƾ߾ ٴ. ٹ߾η ĭ æη  Ͱٴ. ݰ ý 湺 ý Ͱ, η ý η ԰ ɵ Ͱη ȵٴ. 󶭼 ´ η · ø ǰ ԰ ɵ Ͱ ȵٴ. <ױ> ǰ Ÿ׾ . Ҽǰ 氵ǽ 1. 1) ǽŶ ý湡 ÷ , 湺 ŽԱ Ҽ ǰ鵻 ޱݰ ýٴ. , ݱ, · Ҽ ǰ 氵´ Ӽη Ǿǵ, ޱ߾ κ´ ɽ Ŧ áǴٴ. Ϳ ÷ǩ ǰ鵻 η ǽýȵ 绡 ǰ ޱݰ 氯ȡ 氵η 氵ý ׹ κ Ǯȡ η ǵٴ. ( ǰǸ, 1994, 1996) η ߾ 氵Ž к߾η´ 氵(33.4%) Ľ(27.3%) Ǵٴ. Ϳ Һ ǰ κ 봥û ٹ η 氵 ǽ(39.7%) ǵٴ(<dz-1>¶). 󶭼 Ҽ ǰ鵡 氵 κ ǽŶ绦 ǩ ױ ϴ ´ κ 氵 ྺ ǽæ Ǿǩ Ա𸰺, к ǩ Ҽ ǰ · ǻ ̹´ Ҽ´ Ǿǩ · Ȧ Ⱦ ý´ ٴ. η´ ð, ⱸ ٹŸη 氵 κ  Ա𸰺η ٴ ŭ κ ٴ 鵡  Ҽǰ ˰, ٴ ԰, ´ Ǿ ٴ. ѵ, Ϳ ޱݰ 氯ȡ Һ Ա Ϳ 񺳱ǩ Ӽη ޱ ½ ´ Ҽ ǰ鵺  ơ» ´ ٴ. Ҽ ǰ · ǻ ̹´ Ǿ Ǵٴ. ױǹη ´  Ա𸰺 ׹  ׹ ·η κ 氵´ Ͱٴ´ ⱻ ǡ ǽýǵٴ. <dz-1 > Ҽǰ 氵к߾ ܴ: % ǰ氵־ηǽŶ绸 (1994. 7)ǰ氵 ᰤк (1996.2)ǰǽŶ (1996.5)氯ȡ 氵(Ҽǰ) 氵Ž к߾ (Ҽǰ) 氵 к߾ (Ҽǰ)κ 봥 (ǰ )氵Ž ׹ Ľ°16.0Ľ27.3Ž ׹ 氵 13.9氵 ǽ39.7߹· 19.5氵33.4氵ý ׹ Ǯ27.2߹ 12.8氵ý ׹ κ Ǯ20.82.1 2.5߹ޱ 9.6 ٴ ׹ 16.6氵12.8 16.4ޱ 29.5Ҽ, ý 氵æ 8.5Ž10.3߹ 6.6ޱ 8.3 1.4绫Ǯ(κȲ)13.7 ׹ κĭ19.4 17.1ⱸ0.4 ٴ ׹ 14.0100.0100.0100.0100.0 2) 绻 1980 ź(T. J. Peters)Ϳ Ǹ(R.H. Waterman) ź Ž ǭ´ η кɵ ´ 7 Ҽ - (Structure), 氵 (Style), (Staff), (Shared value), Ƕ´ (Skill/Strength), 氵(Strategy) ױ ý(System) - ý ߾ ٴ Ǵٴ. Ƕ Ƹ(Mckinsey)´ 7S Ҽ 󾶸 ij (氵Ȳ) ȵٴ ýǴٴ. ױ ƺ(R.Pascale) ƾź(A.Arhos)´ 7 ǩ 氵 ơ» ̹ 񺳱Ǵٴ. ̹鵺 ٹ hard S , ׹ ߹߰Ǵٴ. ױ Ž´ ´ sofe S ʽ , ׹ ġ ٴ Ǵٴ. Ҽ ܿ κ 氵 ̹´ ǹη κ 蹦 Ͱٴ(<ױ-1>¶). 󶭼 绡´ 氵 Ȳ ٴ ܴǵ´ 7 氵ҼͿ Ҽ 氵 ݹ ´ κ ǽȺ ׹ ǻ ǩ 8 κ ǩ Ǵٴ. к߾ ⱻ ǰǸȡ ߹´ Ҽǰ 氵־ηǽŶ绹Ϳ ǰ 氵 ᰤ к 뿻 ٹŸη Ǵٴ. (1) κк Ҽ ´ η Ա𸡰 ٴ´ ٴ. 󶭼 Ҽ ҼԱ 컮 · η 氵 κ´ ܴ رǩ߾ Ͱٴ. ܴ谡 ɰ ޴ ᰤ 俺 Ҽý, 谹 Ҽ鵻 Ǹη <ױ-1> Ҽǰ 氵 Ȳ ᰤ           : Tom Peters and Robert H. Waterman Jr., In Search of Excellence, 1982, p. 8 Ͱ. 氵 Ȳ ǩ߾ Ͱٴ. Ҽ ǰ Ƹ, ݹ ý (14.2%), ɴ (52.2%)η  ٴ. ´ Ȳ 氵 ᰤ κ Ŧ Ÿ ǻ ٴ. 󶭼 Ҽ ޱ DZǧ羻 ٹŸη Ǹη Ŧ ߾ Ͱٴ. ǰ ߹ ǩ ýޱ ǵ߾ Ƕٴ η ޱǣ Ҽ (39.5%) ý ǵٴ. Ҽź Ҽ  · ȸ Ÿ η Ͱٴ. 󶭼 绡´ ȭ , DZǧ , ¹ϴǼ Ⱥ ׹ 绦 ǩ Ҽǰ Ǿ Ǵٴ. <dz-2> ǰ ܴ: % 12/ 봭9.926.1 κý /2.68.4Ⱦ 10.714.9绫4.811.3÷/ ýޱ14.916.3ǣ Ҽ/ 39.512.8· 5.56.3 ߾11.02.9ⱸ1.11.0: , ι, ǰ ̹ ׹ Ľ绹 ǹǰ, 1995.12, p.57. (2) WoodruffͿ Mayer Ҽ ǩ к , Ҽ Ű Ǹ(one-man)氵 ǹη 氵 ɴ· ƺơ 氵 ᰤ Ҽη ´ Ͱη ŵٴ. Ҽ ǰ 쿵 ܿ ƾϴ ǰǸȡ ǰ 氵 ᰤ к , <dz-3> ´ ٹͿ 쿡 κк(74.2%)η ҼͿ 氵 ̹к Ÿ (̹к: 45.8%, · : 42.0%), η ᰤ ´ ɽ ٴ Ͱ ˾ ٴ. 󶭼 绡´ 氵 Ǿ ǩ 氵 氯 ·, ׹ 氵 ױ Ž · ǡ ǩ Ǵٴ. <dz-3> Ҽǰ 氵 Ž ĽҼͿ 氵 к 74.2ɽ23.7Ͽк(氵)12.22,3 7.9߰ 34.4к´ ǵ Ҽ · 42.0氵 10.7߰ ɽ41.2κ½ 5.4ⱸ0.7̹к45.8ⱸ1.8100100100 : ǰǸ, ǰ氵 ᰤк, 1996.2, pp. 19-34. (3) (볫) Ҽ 氵־η · ݱη 봥ȵٴ. Ҽǰ ܿ ƾϴ ·ȸ ׹  1990 Ӽǵ´ Ҽǰ ־η Ǫη ǵ ٴ(<dz-4> ¶). · κ к߾η´ (30.6%)Ϳ ÷ȵ ɴ(29.7%) ׹ , ɴ κ(26.7%)η Ū κк · κ 嵯ٴ. Ƕ ɴ 26.4%, 21.9%η ٴ. ױ <dz- 6>Ϳ Ҽ ǰ ´ 绯η´ ݱ(22.7%) ̹(19.3%) 绯η ǵ ٴ. Ҽ 氵 κη ݱݰ´ Һ Ͱǹη ´ ݱ Ⱥ, ½ ½ޱ ȸ, ý ǽ ׹ ȸ 谹 谹Ȼ ǩ ·ȸ ·ǩ߾ Ͱٴ. 󶭼 绡´ ݱ ᰤ , · Ǯ ׹ , ÷ ׹ Ɐ߹  ǩ , ȸ/߹ ױ 鸡 ǩ Ǵٴ. <dz- 4> Ҽǰ κ 氵־η ܴ: % 氵־η·κ к߾19901993(1993)ȿ17.28.4 氵7.8ݱ6.725.9 30.6ý0.84.9÷ȵ ɴ29.7껺 ȸ-32.1, ɴ κ26.7Ÿ ޴35.66.4볫4.8·ȸ 38.621.7ⱸ0.41.20.6ⱸ-0.0100.0100.0100.0 : ǰǸ, 1993⳵ ǰ氵־ηǽŶ绸, ⳣ. <dz- 6> Ҽǰ 绯 (%)(%)5.7 绸 ơ14.8ݱ22.7ٱ5.7 ̹19.3Һǽ 15.9½ⱸ κ3.4 ٱ 4.6ۻ к8.0100.0 : , ι, ǰ ̹ ׹ Ľ ǹǰ, 1995.12, p. 49. (4) ý ׹ ý ٱ Ҽ ɽ ´ 껺 ȸٴ. (<dz-1>¶). 껺 氵 ̹´ Ͱη, 氵´ ·, 谳, , Ҽ Ȳ 谡 ᰤȵٴ ٴ. ǰ Ҽ Ȳ ý ý ý ǵ߾ ǡ Һ ݱ κк ´ ý ױ á ¸ Կٴ. Ҽ ǰ ý ־ηη´ <dz-7> ´ ٹͿ ý· ȸ (59.3%), ýⱣ ־η(14.7%) ׹ ޱ ־η(11.6%) ǵ ٴ. 󶭼 绡´ Ҽǰ ýŻ , , ǻ, ׹ Ⱦ, Ᵽ ӻƾϴ 绫 Ȳ ǩ Ǵٴ. <dz-7> ý ־η ܴ: % Ҽý·ȸ 59.354.158.8ޱ ־η11.66.611.1ýⱣ ־η14.713.114.6Ⱦ ־η5.96.66.0谯 ־η7.613.18.1ǰ ־η0.40.00.3ⱸ0.56.61.1100.0100.0100.0 : ǰǸ, 1993⳵ ǰ氵־ηǽŶ绸, 1994.7, p. 23. (5) 氵 氵 ´ ܿκ 氡 봳Ⱦη, Ǧ ޴ action plan ٴ. ԰ ǩ߾ Ͱ, ´ η ٹٲ 氵, , ɴ ٱ ǿ η íɵ ٴ. 󶭼 氵 ޴ ٴ. ױ, Ҽǰ鵺 <dz-8> ´ ٹͿ ǩ (25.8%), · ׹ ȿ(24.8%)κ ٴ. 󶭼 Ҽ ǰ 氵 ǭ´ Ǯ 谹 谹(谹) ׹ 谹 俸ȵٴ. 谹Ⱥ κ ٴǹη Ɑ´ Ҽ ǰ ׹ 谹 κͿ 氵 谹 谹ȡ ǩ Ǵٴ. Ƕ Ϳ Һ վη ǻ Ǿ ǩ · κ Ǵٴ. <dz- 8> ǰ 氵 ý ־η ܴ: % кҼ κ25.526.925.6 25.821.225.5· κ14.325.015.2ȿ 24.821.224.5ý κ 8.93.88.4ⱸ0.71.90.8100.0100.0100.0 : ǰǸ, ǰ 氵 ᰤк, 1996.2, p.69. (6) ׹ Ҽ ǰ ߹ȿ ر ̹̹ٴ. <dz-9> ´ ٹͿ Ҽ ´ Ҽ ǰ´ 1.9% Һ, Ÿ׾ ߹񺡰 ´ ױ ر ٴ. ߹ η ˾ ´, ٴ Ȧ ߹ ܿ´ ߹ Ű ʾ ´ ٴ(<dz-10> ׹ <dz-11>¶). ߹ κ η´ <dz-12> Ū´ ٹͿ ݱ(42.6%) ·(38.5) 鸡 ε Ÿ κ Ͱ ˾ ٴ. 󶭼 Ҽ ǰ ߹ κ ݹ 氵 κ ٴ ܴȵٴ. ´ Ҽ ǰ Ǿ ǩ Ҽ · η кǩ ơ Ǵٴ. Ƕ 쿧 Dz ơǵϷ ǩ ·ܿ Ҽǰ η ơ 쿧´ ǩ Ǵٴ. <dz-9> Ҽ Dz(1995) ܴ: % кҼ ٴ70.01.97.5 ٴ22.074.670.3谹ٴ8.023.522.2100.0100.0100.0 : ǰǸ, ǰ 氵 ᰤк, 1996.2, p. 80. <dz-10> Ÿ׾ ߹ ܴ: % Ҽк199319941995199319941995ٴ8.76.52.166.757.244.90~1%̹54.447.829.825.027.324.91~2%̹28.230.442.55.710.414.12~4%̹6.515.319.22.64.710.24~6%̹2.20.06.40.00.44.85%0.00.00.00.00.01.2100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0 : ǰǸ, ǰ 氵 ᰤк, 1996.2, p. 81. <dz-11> ߹ ܴ: % Ҽк绻Ҽ 57.742.36.593.510.789.3 21.278.811.788.312.587.5 34.665.421.178.922.277.8 3.996.13.896.23.896.2 25.075.06.693.48.291.8 25.075.08.291.89.690.4ܿ 25.075.00.799.32.794.3ܿҼ 5.894.20.499.60.899.2 19.280.84.295.85.494.6ⱸ3.896.20.799.31.099.0 : ǰǸ, ǰ 氵 ᰤ к, 1996.2, p. 82. <dz-12> ߹ý ־η ܴ:% кҼݱ κ18.442.639.5· κ55.138.540.6 κ20.416.917.3ⱸ6.12.02.6100.0100.0100.0 : ǰǸ, ǰ 氵 ᰤ к, 1996.2, p.83. (7) () ǿ ǿԱ ö´ Ϳ Ž 谦 ٴ. η IBM Ҽ 񺺽, Delta к, Sears ݰ ηǰ Ƕ´ Ž䳻 ٴ. Ϳ Ž䳺 氵Ȳ ´ κ Ҽ鵻 ý´(bonding the acministrative fits) ǻ Ǹη,   Ħ ij 氵 Ȳ ̹´ Ǻ ٴ. ŭ Ҽ ǰ ´ <dz-13> ´ ٹͿ ǹ(58.0%), (53.8%), ٴҼ (41.0%) Ͱη 嵯 ٴ. ´ ٹŸη ٴ η ý ´ Ž , ǿĽ ױ · Ǵٴ. <dz-13> Ҽǰ ܴ: % 氵湧 ккҼкҼкҼŸ ǹ21.614.5Ÿ 2.03.5Ÿ 19.65.5ٴҼ ǹ47.043.5ٴҼ 9.814.1ٴҼ 45.135.529.437.219.628.621.638.2ٴҼ 2.04.8ٴҼ 56.946.0ٴҼ Ž9.819.4Ÿ 0.00.0Ÿ 11.77.8Ÿ Ž3.91.4100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0: ǰǸ, ǰ 氵 ᰤ к, 1996.2, pp. 62-64. (8) κ ׹ Ҽ 氵κ Ҽ ӻƾϴ κ Ϳ á ǻ ޹´ٴ. ǰ κ ݹ ӻ ƾϴ (߹) ǵǹη κ  ߹ ׹ Ľ ij´ Ͱ Ҽǰ Ÿ׾ ǻ ̹԰ ȵٴ. Ҽ ǰ ýǵ ´ κ ÷η´ ԰ Ҽ ǰ ⱸ 봦 ÷Ϳ ݱ ׹ · ȸ η 봰ȵٴ. ױ ǽȺ Ÿ ɽٴ. η <dz-14> ݱɷǽ Ƹ, ι´ з ߹ ޱݱɷǽ κ ܿ´ 50% ̹ ´ ˾ ٴ. 󶭼 ´ κ ׹ ԰ ýǵ ´ Ҽǰ ǽȺ ơͿ ǵ´ 鵺 η кǩ Ǵٴ. ո ǽȺ ơκк´ ÷, ݱ ׹ ·ȸ ǩ Ǵ, ǵ´ η´ ܿ ྦ, ǵޱ ÷ ׹ ݱ÷ٴ. <dz-14> ߹ ٱ 2ⳣ ݱɷǽ ܴ: %  ߹ ݱɷǰ ǰݱɷǽ ǽݱɷǰ ݱǰݱɷǽ ݱǽ κ93 9457.1 58.018.7 17.966.8 65.318.8 17.9 ܴ93 9429.4 34.111.5 16.437.0 40.311.7 16.5 ܴ93 949.3 13.69.4 8.912.9 17.39.6 9.0 93 9414.2 9.44.7 1.821.5 14.24.8 1.893 9429.7 33.411.5 12.237.9 40.211.6 12.3ܿ93 9415.4 20.02.3 4.518.2 25.02.3 4.7ι93 9430.6 28.84.2 4.334.0 31.94.3 4.393 9430.0 31.47.8 7.936.4 36.67.9 7.9 : ǰǸ, ǰ绱ݱޱ ǽк, 1994.10 3) ´ 1996 5 8~ 10 㴻 ٹŸη 5 29κ 75 ɰ ǽýǵٴ. ´ ǰǸ ǡ 谭ȵ ǩ 2,965 ݹ ǰæ η ƶη ǽýǵٴ. ݹ Ǿ ɴ ⱹ Ƕ´ κ ǵϷ Ǵٴ. ȵ 670(22.7%) 绡 Ǵ´, Һǽ԰ Ϳ η´ Ҽ ӼǪ ױ谭 쿦 ܿ 635κ þк Ǵٴ. Ҽ(ý 30) 457η ݹ( 70%) Ǵ, (ý 31~200) 26.5%(173), 3.5%(23)η Ҽ 96.5% Ǵٴ. 4) 绡 ȵ ´ ⱻη ǰǸȡ ߹ȵ Ҽǰ氵־ηǽŶͿ ǰ氵ᰤ ٹŸη ǰ 㴻 Ű ǵٴ. 뿺 ٹͿ , , , , ý, 氵 ױ Ƕ´ 쿧 7 氵κ ҼͿ κ Ҽ ǰ ÷ ׹ 8 κη ǵٴ. ױ Ҽ ǰ 񺳱η ǻ ױ 氵Dz Ҽ ٴӻƾϴ κ 俸  ǹη Ҽ 氵 κк κ ׹ κк Ǵٴ. ´ 92 ԰ 9κη ǵٴ. η Ż <dz-14> ٴ. ´ ٴٴ  ױ ʾٴͿ  ױٴ ǡ ݹ봦 ý´ Likert 5õ ױ ǻ Ǵٴ. <dz-14 > к Ҽǰ ǰ  ȭ - ׹ Ϳ DZ ȭ - к ơ - Ľ ý 뿤 - кǡ κ - ܴ Ǯ -1 -2 -3 -5 -10Ҽ  DZǧ - ޱ DZ 群 - ǵ׾ -4 -11ȡ ¹ϴǼ Ⱥ- ǣ ¹ϴǼ - , 绣 Ƕ - ·Ϳ Ƕ-6 -7, 8 -9ȡ - ޱ, Dz - -12 -13ȡ 氯 ·- ܿκ氯 Ǿ 氵 ر - ܿκ · - ٴ -1, 2, 3, 4, 5 -10 -11 ȡ - ݰ , й · - © ᰤ - 氳 ·-6 -7 -8 ȡŽ- 氵η · - 氵Ľ -9 -12ȡ- ݱᰤ -1ȡ (ȸ(߹) - · ر - Ǯ-2 -3ȡ) - ɴ·߹ · - κ · - Ⱦ - -4 -5 -6 -7 ȡ κ ÷ ǽȺ/- ޱǵ׾ - Ǧ - Ǻ ߹ - ҼԱ ྦ - ޱ-1 -2 -3 -4 -5, 10 -2ǰ · Ȧ -1 ׹ݱ ǽȺ/- Ҽưݱ - Ž뿸ݱ - ޱݱ-6 -7, 11 -8, 12 -3 · ȸ - ·ʷ-9Ҽ 봦 ྦ ǮȦ ǵޱ÷Ա ݱ÷ ·ȸ Ⱦ-13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -4 -5 -6 -7 Ž - 氵/ - ơ -1 -2Ҽ  ǿĽ- - / ɽ - / ɽ-3-1) -3-2) -3-3) ȡ  ·- è - κɽ - -4-1) -4-2) -4-3)      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrsuvwxyz{|}~ ȡ 绫Ȳ - 绫Ľ ׹ - Ǥ - · - -1-1) -1-2) -1-3) -2 ȡý Ᵽ Ⱦ ǵޱ -3 -4 -5 -6 ȡ  氵 κ- 谹 κ - ý 谹 κ-1 -2 ȡ () - ȿ - - ׹ ߹谹 κ - - · -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 ȡ - ý ȳκ - 谹 κ - к߾ к ǽýκ - - Ǯ ݱ޴ ȸ ׹ ޴Ľ - ⱸ: š -8, 9, 10 -11 -12, 12-1 -13 -15, 16 -14, 14-1-8 -9 -10 -11 -13, 14 -12, 12-1 · Ȧ к߾- - - ý - - · - ⱸ-17-1),4),8),11) -17-5),12),13),14) -6) -17-10) -17-7),15),16) -17-9) Ҽ  ׹쿧 - · - · - · - ɴ· - - ⱸ-1-1), 5), 7) -1-2),12),15) -1-3), 14) -1-4),8),10),13) -1-11) -1-6), 9) ȡ   - κ - · Dz - ߹κ-2 -4 -3 ȡ  ɴ· - ơ - Ƥ ý ߰-5 -6ȡ ݹ  ( ǰ Ǿ ׹ 浬 ( 1996.5 ݱ ( 1996.5 ý ( ( ǰ÷ Ǹ ( ( ٱ 3ⳣ ߹ ׾-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 ȡ 5) к к ո ݹ ƺ ˾ƾ ǩ ݹ η 󺵵к ǽýǴٴ. ٴη 鵡 к ǽýⱡ վ зٹ ˾(Cronbachs alpha) ǩ Likert õη ȵ Žڷ() ˰Ǵ, 紵 ˰ ǩ к(factor analysis) ǽýǴٴ. 俻 Ϳ ݹ ׹ Ա𸰺 к ǭ´ õ ܴ Һձ кк ǽýǴ, ŭ 񸡿 ǭ´  ´ ˾ƾ ǩ Duncan Mean test , 󺵵Ǧ ýǩ ױ 뿻 ҼǴٴ. Ƕ 鵡 ǭ´ ý Һձ кк Ǵ, ٴٴ 鵡 ǭ´ PROC CATMOD(Categorical data modeling) ǩ к ǽý , Ž 鵡 ǭ´ վͿ ¡ 󺵵Ǧ ýǩ ױ 鵻 Ϸ Ǵٴ. к SAS(Statistical Analysis System) ǩ Ǵٴ. 2. к 1) ǻ ƺ Ƹ <dz-15> ٴ. ո Ա𸰺 кDzȻ Ƹ, Ҽ 457(70.0%)η 26.5%(173) ױ <dz-15> ܴ: , % кҼ кҼ  49 (10.8)17 (9.8)12 (52.2) 5 ̹5 (1.2)1 (0.6)0 (0.0)  κ28 (6.2)12 (6.9)1 (4.4) 5~10̹146 (33.6)3 (1.8)0 (0.0)  봸38 (8.4)17 (9.8)1 (4.4) 10~15̹122 (28.1)29 (17.1)0 (0.0)  29 (6.4)12 (6.9)0 (0.0) 15~20̹61 (14.0)18 (10.6)0 (0.0)  16 (3.5)9 (5.2)2 (8.7)  20~25̹54 (12.4)49 (28.8)0 (0.0)  9 (2.0)2 (1.2)0 (0.0)  25~30̹14 (3.2)22 (12.9)0 (0.0)  Ⱶ35 (7.7)14 (8.1)1 (4.4) ݱ 30~35̹12 (2.8)8 (4.7)0 (0.0)к  24 (5.3)4 (2.3)0 (0.0) Ա 35~40̹4 (0.9)5 (2.9)0 (0.0)  ûõ48 (10.6)11 (6.4)2 (8.7)  40~50̹ 7 (16.7)11 (7.5)0 (0.0)  󶵵77 (17.0)35 (20.2)1 (4.4) 50~100̹3 (15.8)14 (8.2)2 (8.7)  󻵵74 (16.3)31 (17.9)3 (13.1) 100~200̹5 (1.2)7 (4.1)3 (13.0)  27 (6.0)9 (5.2)0 (0.0) 2002 (0.5)3 (1.8)18 (78.3)   2 1 0  22 3 0  ~88 38 (8.3)54 (31.4)22 (95.7)  ǰ198 (43.4)148 (86.1)22 (95.7)  89~ 93 86 (18.9)79 (45.9)1 (4.3) ǰ+12 (15.1)3 (1.7)0 (0.0)  94⳵ 332 (72.8)39 (22.7)0 (0.0)  ǰ174 (38.2)!& (9.9)1 (4.3)   1 1 0  69 (15.1)4 (2.3)0 (0.0)  50̹361 (79.0)85 (49.1)0 (0.0)  +3 (0.7)0 (0.0)0 (0.0) 95 50~100̹62 (13.6)17 (9.8)1 (4.8)   1 1 0  100~150̹21 (4.6)16 (9.3)0 (0.0) 16 (3.6)2 (1.2)0 (0.0)  150~200̹10 (2.2)17 (9.8)1 (4.8) Ľ419 (93.5)163 (94.8)21 (91.3) ׾ 200~250̹2 (0.4)15 (8.7)0 (0.0) /13 (2.9)7 (4.1)0 (0.0) Ա 250~300̹0 (0.0)6 (3.5)0 (0.0) ױ谭0 (0.0)0 (0.0)2 (8.7)  300~500̹0 (0.0)9 (5.2)0 (0.0)  9 1 0 5000 (0.0)9 (5.2)19 (90.5) Ա𸰺 457 (70.0)173 (26.5)23 (3.5)   1 0 2: % ´ ´ ʾ Ͱ. 3.5%(23) Ǵٴ. ױ Ҽ η к( 20 ) ǩ к, Ҽ 48.5%, 48% ױ 3.5%η Ū, ý ⱸ к 1994⳻ ݹǰ Ա𸰺 кDz(Ҽ 45.7%, 49.3%, 5.0%) ݹ ٴ. η´ Ҽ 90% ݹ, 52.2%(12) ٴ. 浬 ·η к Ҽ ǰ ǡ Ͽȵ 1994 Ǧ á 72.8%(332)η Ҿٴ. Ƕ 1, 2 dz 1989~1993 Ǧ á 45.9%(79), 1988 á 31.4%(54), 1994 á 22.7%(39) ٴ. ݹ, 95.7%(22) 1988 Ǧ ôٴ. кͿ · кƦ Ⱦ 绡 Ҽ ٴ 1994 Ǧ Ž Ͱηýȵٴ. ݱ Ա𸰺η´ Ҽ 5~15̹ á 61.7%(268)η ݹ Ǵ, 10~30̹ á 69.4%(118), 78.3%(18) 200 ٴ. ݱ Ա𸰺 1994⳵ Dz 񺳱ǩ Ƹ, Ҽ кDz ¡η 5~15̹ á 82.7%η Ҿ, ý ݱ Ա𸰺 Dz Dz кƦ Żٴ. 1995⳵ ׾ DzȻ Ƹ, Ҽ 50̹ á 79.0%(361)η Ҿ, 50~100 ̹ æ 92.6% Ǵٴ. ױ ྣ ´ , ý 50 ̹ á 49.1%(85)η Ҿ, Ӹ 鵺 500 ԰ кǵ ٴ. 90.5%(19) 500ٴ. Ϳ Ա𸰺η ׾  Ÿ ˾ ٴ. η´ κк ǰ ǰ ( 86.1%, 95.7%), Ҽ 쿡´ ǰ ǰ 43.4%Ϳ 38.2% Ǵٴ. Ƕ Űη´ 绡 ǰ Ҽ 93.5%Ϳ 94.8% ҼDZ 氵DZ кǵ Ľ š κкٴ. ´ Ҽ 1993 Ͱ Ÿ 봶 ٴ. 2) Žڷ ׹ 紵 ˰ 񸡿 к ⱡ վ ´ ٴǸη ǵ 䳻 ä ´ 鵡 紺 Žڷ ˰Ǵٴ. η´ ȭ (I-1, 2, 3, 5), ¹ϴǼ Ⱥ(I-6, 7, 8, 9), 氯 Ǿ (-1, 2, 3, 4, 5), (-6,7,8), ÷ ǽȺ(-1, 2, 3, 4, 5), ݱ ǽȺ(-6, 7, 8), ·(-4-1, 4-2, 4-3), 绫Ȳ (-1-1, 1-2, 1-3), · Ȧ к߾ (-17-1, 17-4, 17-8, 17-11), (-17-5, 17-12, 17-13, 17-14), ·(-17-7, 17-15, 17-16) ױ 쿧 ơ ·(-1-1, 1-5, 1-7), ɴ·(-1-2, 1-12, 1-15), ·(-1-3, 1-14), ɴ·(-1-1, 1-8, 1-10, 1-13), ׹ ⱸ(-1-6, 1-9)ٴ. 紺 Žڷ(; internal consistency realiability)˰ ǽýǴٴ. ո ȵ 䳻 Ż ´ ˰ ǩ Žڷ äǴٴ. зٹ ˾ ǩ Žڷ к κк ˾ 0.6~0.8 Žڷ Żٴ. ٴη´ 紺 ä ǩ к(factor analysis) ýǴٴ. ױ þη (Eigenvalue) 1 10 ǵ, 鵡 · 63.55%η ٴ. ױ 紵 Ͱη ŭ ٴ 16 кý ܿǴٴ. η´  ȭ  ä´ I-2(к ơ κ)Ϳ I-3(Ľ ý ), κ ׹  ÷ ǽȺ ä´ -4(ҼԱ ྦ), 氵 · Ȧ к߾ ä´ -17-1(ǰŽ ׹ Ž߹), 17-2(ý ), 17-3( 񺺽 ), 17-6( · ׹ ), 17-9(̹ ), 17-10(), 17-14(ܿý ׹ ) ױ  ׹ 쿧 ơ´ -1-1( κɴ· ), 1-5(߹ ), 1-6( ־ɽ), 1-7(· ȸ), 1-9(̹), 1-11( ׹ ⱺԱ)ٴ. 󶭼 þη ȵ 鵻 ٴý Žڷ ˰, к´ 鵸 Ǵٴ. к ýȵ 񸰺 (factor loading) 񸡿 ̹ǹη 鵡 ˰ý ǩ Ǵٴ. 񸡿 ŽڷͿ 紺 к´ <κϷ 1> <κϷ 2> ϷǴٴ. 3) Ա𸰺 к Ҽǰ Ա ´ 谦 ر η · ǭ´ ԰ ǩ߾ Ͱ 䴻 ǩ ´ ո վ ýȵ 氵 κ Ҽ Ա𸰺η  Ҽ  ´ ƸҾٴ. ´ Ҽǰ ǩ η  κ ڵ ´ ° Ⱦ ɴ԰ Ͱٴ. ױ Ҽǰ 氵 κ ´ ´ Һ Ͱٴ. 󶭼 Ҽ ٴ뷡  κ ÷ ׹ ǽȺ Ⱦ ޱǻ ٴ. (1) Ҽ Ա 氵 κ´ ´ ྡ ýŸη Ҽ 氵 ׹ ǻ ٴ. 󶭼 Ҽ 컮 · η 谦 ر ߾ Ͱٴ. Ҽ ǰ Ǿ ǩ 绡´ ȭ , DZǧ , ¹ϴǼ Ⱥ ׹ š ǩ Ǵٴ. Ⱥ ܴ Ǯ, DZǧ ױ ޱ, Dzȡ š  Ա𸰺η ´ Ͱη ŵ, ¹ϴǼ Ⱥ ´ Ż ʾҾٴ. ո ױ ´ Ա𸡿 Ƹ, Ҽ´ ޱ ׹ η η ʾҾ, Ҽ ´ Żٴ(<dz-16 >, <dz-17 >¶). Ա𸡰 ƾϷ 绫 ´ Ͱη ŵٴ. η ޱ DzȻ Ƹ, <ױ-2 > ´ ٹͿ ޱ ÿ󶥰Ϸ ԹŦ Żٴ. ݹ, Ҽ η Ÿ ƾ Ȯ Ŧ Ż, ҼϷ εٴ. Ƕ Dzȡ  Ҽ ǰú øٴ 绫 ݹ, Ҿٴ. (<ױ-3 >¶). <dz-16 > ޱ к ׹ Duncan Mean-Test <dz-17 > к ׹ Duncan Mean-Test <ױ-2 > ޱ Dz <ױ-3> Dz Ա𸡿 Űη ٴ. <ױ-4 > ´ ٹͿ Ҽ ɴ Ҿ(Ҽ 79.0%, 52.1%), ɴ ƾ Ա ɴ κк ɴ κ ŸƯ 47.1%( 8)ٴ. ױ 쿡´ ɴ ǰ(, ǰ, ǣ, ) κ ŸƯ 44.6%(54) ǵٴ. <ױ-4 > Ⱥ ´ Ա𸡿 Ż´, Ҽ´ Ȭ , ױ Ŧ ٴ.(<dz-18>¶). 񸰺 ձη Ƹ, <ױ-5>Ϳ Ա𸡰 Ϸ ׹ 󻡿 Ϳ DZ Աǵ , к  ǭ ɴ 蹦ǩ Ȳη ǵ ٴ. <dz-18> Ա𸰺 к ׹ Duncan Mean-Test <ױ-5> Ⱥ ܴ ý Ա𸰺η Ҽ 60.6% 4ܴ Ǵ, 65.8% 5ܴ Ͱη Ū 78.3% 5ܴ 񺳱ǩ ٴ Ҽǰ ᰤ ŽӼ´ Ҽ 컮 ´ Ͱη ٴ. ױ Ҽ 39.4%Ϳ 34.3%´ 5~6ܴ ٴܴ ܴ谦 ҼԱ 컮 ˾ ٴ(<ױ-6>¶). <ױ-6> ܴ η DZǧ Ǿ ǩ ˾ƾ ǵ׾ Ա𸡿 ´ <dz-19> Ū´ ٹͿ Ҽǰ 100 á κк(Ҽ 72.2%, 66.4%) ݹ, 50% 300 Ǵٴ. ŭ Ҽǰ ơ ױ ´ ٴ ٴ. ð, ޱ Dzȡ ŭ ٹͿ Ҽǰ ´ ޴ κ, Ÿ ٴ. Ϳ ´ ´ ȿ á 嵯´ ٹͿ Ҽǰ Է κк ȿ ´ ´ 紬 ٴ. ױ ǰ ǻ ý´ Ⱦ 5~10 ǻ ׽ ߾η · ɵ Ͱٴ. ´ Ƕ ٴ , ᰤ , ׹ Ŧ ٴ Ȳ ٱη ٴ. ǽη Ա𸰺η (~봮) 1 Ŧ (span of control) , 2.7, κ 1.6, 1.4, 1.3 ױ 봮 1.6 Ͱη ŭٴ. ݹ, 쿡´ 0.7, κ 1.0, 1.6, 1.2 ױ 봮´ 3.1, Ҽ 0.5, κ 0.7, 1.9, 1 ױ 봮´ 2.5η Ҽ ׹ κ Ŧ 1 ̹ ٴ. 󶭼 Ҽ ǰá´ η ´ Ž ߰ η ô߾ Ͱٴ. ȡ´ ɴ· · ƾѴ , Ƹ  ´ 谡 Ͱ ٴ. ѵ, 绫 ǩ η ٴ. ǰ ױٴ 񺦸 ´ ƾϴ, ٴ. 󶭼 񺦸 ´ 쿦 ܿ´ ǰ · ú · ´ 󾶸 ȸ´ ޴ ٴ ǵ ƾҴ Ͱٴ. 󶭼 ȡ´ ô · ȸ ·η ɵ Ϸ ǩ߾ Ͱٴ. , ҼԱ ´ ¹ϴϴǼ Ⱥ  Ż , ý Ⱥ ̹ ´ ǽٴ. ܴ, ܴ´ ٴ ƾ ŽӼ ᰤ Ȳ´ 컮 ´ Ͱη ٴ. 󶭼 Ҽ ǰ鵺 Ƹη´ ޱη DZǻ ǩ Ƕ´ DZ Ϸ ǩ߾ Ͱٴ. Ƕ ٴ Ƹη´ Ľ ǣ 鸢û й ҼŻ ǩ Ȳ ߾ Ͱٴ. (2) ʽ Ҽ  氵 ܴ·, · ױ 氵 氵 ̹´ Ǻ ױͰٴ ٴ. 󶭼 Ɑ´ 氵 氯 ·, 氵 ׹ ױ Ž · ǩ ʽ Ա𸰺η  Ż´ Ǿ Ǵٴ. к ܿκ 氯 · Ž·  Ա𸰺η ٴ. (<dz-20>¶). ո ܿκ 氯 Ǿ 氵 ر ǻ ä´ 񸡿  氵´ Ҽ 氵ٴ ر, Ҽ Ӽ ݹη Ա𸡰 Ϸ ܿκ ȡ ι԰ 봳´ Ͱη ٴ. ܿκ Ҽ ǰ 氵 ɽ к߾´ <ױ-7> ´ ٹͿ ý κ , ׹ ݱ ȴ, ٴη´ Ǿ ٴ. ݹ, ܿý Ǿ (2.7) ý湡 Һ ٴ Ҽ ǰ ܿý á ƾ ɽ Ͱ ˾ ٴ. <dz-20> ʽ к ׹ Mean test. <ױ-7> ܿκ Ǿ ر 氯 · ´ ܿκ · ٴ羺 嵯ٴ. ܿκ · Ǿ ȵ <dz-21>Ϳ ձ 7.7, 5.2 ױ Ҽ 4.1 Ա𸡰 Ϸ ǩ ܿκ ´ ǵ ýǴٴ. η´ Ҽ ܴ ǰ ܿ 8 ǰ  ε 60% ٴ. ݹ, 绡 Ҽ ε ݹ Ž Ͱη´ ǰǸ ǰ(Ҽ 86.7%, 92.5%), 氦Ž(Ҽ 79.0%, 92.0%) ׹ ǰ (Ҽ 59.7%, 72.3%) 3 ҺǴ, ܿ κκ ǰ ý  񺳱 ٴ. <dz-21> ᷯ Dzȡ к ׹ Mean test. <ױ-8> ᷯ Dz Ǹ 氵 ´ Ҽ  ٴ ´ Ÿ ٴ. Ա𸰺η ޴ ´ 鵻 , Ա𸰺η ´ ٴ. 氵´ ձ 4.1 û , 3.5 ױ Ҽ 3.1 Ҽ 氵 ٴ г 谦 信 ýǴٴ(<dz-22>¶). η Ƹ, Ҽ ǰ 氵 Ա ǰ Ϳ ³(Ҽ 80.3%, 79.2%), ٴη´ ݱ , ٴ. ݹ 氵´ ǰ Ҿ(82.6%), ٴη´ , ݱ , ҼԱ ǰþ ٴ. ױ Ɑ Ͱ /Ϳ 񺳱 ԰ Ū / ׹ Ϳ κк ˾ ٴ. 氵 Ž ä Ǫ ٱ 3ⳣ ǻ ä Ա𸰺η ٴ. Ҽ Ű(Ҽ 46.1%, 31.2%), 1 (Ҽ 36.4%, 35.9%) κк 47.3% 2 ǻ ´ ԰ ̹ ´ ǽٴ. <dz-23> ǡ к ׹ Mean test. <ױ-9> Dz ŭ Ҽ ǰ ױ ´ ٴ ٴ. ð, ܿκ 氯Ȧ رη Ǿ ι԰ 봳 ´ · κٴ. Ҽ ǩ ´ Ǫ´ ܿκ 氯ȡ ǩ η · Žη 봳 ٴ´ Ͱٴ.  ױ Ҽ ǰ´ ܿκ 氯Ȧ Ǿ´ · á ǹη Ҽ ܿκ ȡ ǩ ´ 񺳱쿧 컮 ´ ǽ ˾ ٴ. ѵ, й · ´ Ա𸣰 ´ Ͱη ŭٴ. ´ Ҽ ǰ 氵 Ҽ ɵ ´ й Ӽ· ᰤý © ƻ гȸη κɽ Ϸ ´ · ǻ ýٴ. ¼, Ҽ氵 κк 氵 羻 Ӽ Ű ʾ ٴ. () ӾDZ ᰤ ǩ ܴ 氵 ̹´ ǩ Ӽ ǩ Ľ Һ ǽη´ Ű ʾ ٴ. ݹ 氵鵺 ӻƾϴ Ӽη η Ľ ´ ⱸȦ ´ Ͱ ˾ ٴ. 󶭼 Ҽ ǰ ŷ 뿸η 氵 ׹ η Ľ ´ ٴ ⱸȡ ߾ Ͱٴ. (3) ٹͿ Ҽ ´ Ǫ ٹη · ȸٴ. Ҽ ǰ´ · ý 3D´ ƺ ´ Һ Ҽ´ κ㴻 Ⱦ ´ ٴ. ߴ ·ȸ ׹  Ÿ Ҽǰá ´ Ǫη ȵٴ. 绡´ Ҽ ǰ · 谦 Ǿ ǩ (ݱᰤý ), ȸ/߹(ý · ر Ǯ) ׹ ( ɴ·߹ ·, κ , Ⱦ , ) 3 鸡 ǩ Ǵٴ. , ÷ ׹ Ⱦ ױ κ ׹ ý ٴ. ո ȸ/߹ Ǯ κ ܴ ǩ ý ׹ ¦ Ƹ, Ҽǰ õ Ҽ 67.3%, 59.7%η1 Ǵ, 2η ŽͿ dz ڷ ԰ ŵٴ. ݹ ǰ Ž 65.2%η1 Ҿ, 2´ õ(43.5%)ٴ(<>¶). ¡ ´ á Ҽ øٴ ٴ ¦ Ű ߹ ٴ. (<>¶). <ױ > ´ ٹͿ ٴ Ҽá · , 鸢, ݰ û 俸 , ױ۹ ݹ · ¦ Ű ٴ. ݹ 鵺 񺳱 ٴ ܿ ǽ(߰Ᵽ) ýǻ ģ ٴ. <> ý (󺵵) <> ý к ׹ Mean test <ױ> ý Dz ɴ·߹ ÷  Ա𸰺η ٴ. <ױ>Ϳ 2(9.1%) , ÷ ǽý ٴ ݹ, Ҽ ݹ ѳ´ 55.5%(166), 37.0%(110) ǽý ٴ Ǵٴ. Ƕ ǽýٴ 󶵵 ⳣ 谹ȡ η ǽý´ ´ Ҽ 6.0%, 12.5%η Ÿ , κк 信 ýη ǽýٴ ǩ Ҽ 鵡  . ÷ Ű Ľ ױ ´ ٴ () ÷ ǽý к 3 ǩ ÷ ǽý´ ݹ, Ҽǰ, Ҽ´ 0.98η Ū Ű ǽý ʾ ٴ´ վ ޵޹ ٴ(<>¶). ÷ ǽý´ η´ <ױ >Ϳ , Ҽ ǰ´ ÷ ߰ ݰ , Ϳ Һ ܿκ 绻 ǽý ٴ. <ױ> ÷ ǽýκ <> ÷ ǽý к ׹ Mean test <ױ> ÷ Dz ǰ  ݹý ߾ ´ Ⱦ Ǫ Ⱦ Ͱٴ. Ա𸰺η Ⱦ ǽý к Ա𸡰 Ϸ Ⱦ ٴ ǽý ٴ.(< >¶). ǽý Ⱦ η´ Ҽ Ⱦ Ķ÷, Ⱦ ׹ Ⱦ˰ ǽý , 71.7%´ ܿ Ⱦ 蹡Ħ ٴ. 쿡´ , ׹ Ⱦ Task Force Team  ٴ õ 39.1% ǵٴ(<ױ >¶). <> Ⱦ к ׹ Mean test <ױ> Ⱦ Dz η Ɐ߹ ǩ ǽý Ϳ ý ý Ա𸰺η Żٴ. ǽý Ƹ, ձ 10.6, 6.5 Ҽ 5.3η Ҽ η ǽٴ.(< >¶). ױ 뿻 Ƹ, <ױ>Ϳ ´ ٴ 鵺 ⱻ ޱ, ᷸Ǧ ׹ î κ ݱ ޱ(87.0%) ٴ  ٴ. ݹ Ҽ鵺 η ᷸Ǧ, î, ޱ ǽýǵ, ܿ ݹ 鵸 绻ð봸/߾(Ҽ60.5%), ޱȡ(Ҽǰ51.8%)  ٴ. ױ Ӽ· ´ 绻̹Ὤ(Ҽ 8.8%, 20.1%) ٱ(Ҽ 4.4%, 8.0%) ٱӼ ٱӼ (Ҽ 22.4%, 32.3%) ԰ ŵٴ. 󶭼 Ҽǰ ٴ ǵ ´ ܿ  ʾ ýٴ. <> к ׹ Mean test <ױ> Dz ٱ氻 ´ ý ձ 4.1, 2.4, Ҽ 1.5 ý Ա𸰺η ٴ(< >¶). Ҽ  ýη´ Ҽ(47.5%, 139), Ͱ ݹ ̹ ٴ. 쿡´ Ҽٴ ݹη ٴҼ ý Ҽ 65.5%(205)η ݹ ѳ ´ ǽٴ. ݹý ٴ ܴǵ´ ǽ   Ҽ 16.1%(51)Ϳ 18.0%(57) ױ , 33.9%(106)Ϳ 23.3%(73) Ӹ ٴ. ŭ Ҽ ǰ κ ơ ٴ ٴ. ð, ȸ ׹ ߹  ٴ Ҽ ǰá Ű õá Ǹη ȸ Ҽǰ · Ҽر ٴ. κ㴧 Ž ⱡ Ʒٴ dz õڷ ر ȸ ٴ ٴ ǩ ·ȸ ر 봥û ÷ǩ߾ Ͱٴ. ѵ, ÷ Ű Ľ ױ ˾ ٴ. Ҽ ǰ · ɴ·´ 󾶸 ȸij ޴ٴ. ·ȸ ǭ Ҽ ǰá ´ Ⱦ ܿκ · 绻 · 羺´ ٴ. 󶭼 ܿκ · ȸ Ҽ ǰ η ÷ رη ǩ߾ Ͱٴ. 谦 Ⱦٴ 󶵵 · ȸ ݹý ߾ ٴ. ¼, Ⱦ, ׹ ý  Ÿ ٴ. з Ҽ ǰ´ η á ǩ ׹ ý ǾǺ Һ Ͱٴ. ױ Ҽ ǰá Ϳ ݱݰ¡ ´ Ϳ ر ǭ´ 񺳱 뿸η ɴ 绻 ̹Ὤ ݹ ܴ봸 Ľ 뿻 ǩ Ӽ· ´ · 쿱ǵ߾ Ͱٴ. Ƕ ٱ ǩ 鵡 · ҺȾ Ҽ, ٱӼ 꺦 ´ ǵ߾ Ͱٴ. (4) ȵ ´ ⱻ ׹ Ž䳻 Ż´ Ͱٴ. ´ Ȧ Ǻ´ η , ױ  Ħ ´ij ñرη´ 껺 ǻ ̹԰ ȵٴ. 绡´ Ҽ Ħ Ǿ ǩ ð ơ, ǿĽ ơ ױ · ǩ Ǵٴ. Ա𸰺η ǿĽ ٴ԰ ŵ ױ η ´ ʾҾٴ. Ҽ ǰ 鵺 鵸ٴ ɽ ٴ´ ɽ(Ҽ 2.5, 2.8, 3.5), ý ٴ´ ý (Ҽ 2.8, 3.0, 3.0) ǻ ³, Ǻ ҼϷ Ҿٴ. Ͱ Ҽ 氵Ϳ 봨 Ӽ· ýʵ Ū´ 紬 ٴ. ױ ԰ 谦 ýٴ Ǫ ơ ٴ´ ҺǮ ߹ý Ҽ ٴ. 󶭼 ޴ ǩ ǻ 緵Ϸ , ǽͿ Һ DZ ȭȡ ڵ߾ Ͱٴ. (5) ý ýź ԰ 绫Ϳ (, , Ⱦ ǵޱ )η кǩ Ǵٴ. ո ´ к , Ҽ ǰ´ ձ 2 ´ ݹ, ձ 3 ǩ Ҽ ǰ ٴ Ҿٴ(<>¶). Ա𸰺η ´ 鵻 Ƹ, Ҽ ǰ ´ η´ (Ҽ 77.3%, 72.5%), ٴη´, ױ ྣ , Dzȥ (Ҽ 55.8%, 56.9%) (Ҽ 53.0%, 61.0%) η ǵٴ. ױ PERT(Project Evaluation and Review Technique) /CPM(Critical Path Method) ǩ ´ Ҽ ǰ´ 10%ܿ ʾƾ 52.2%Ϳ ٴ.(<ױ>¶). <> Ᵽ к ׹ Mean-test <ױ> ý Ᵽ Dz ý Ա𸰺η ٴ. ٴ, Ҽ ٴ ٴ ǩ ´ Ͱη Ū Ա𸡰 Ϸ Ҿٴ. (<>¶). η´ <ױ > ´ ٹͿ Ҽ ǰ ݰ ׹ á (Ҽ 56.8%, 57.8%)Ϳ (Ҽ 45.1%, 58.5%)ٴ. ױ ǭ´ к 谭ȡ 쿱ǵ߾ ´ ´ ´ Ҽ24.7%(78), 33.5%(105)η Ū 69.6%(16) ԰ ̹ Ǵ, æ ʾ´ Ҽõ 8.3%(52) ǵٴ. <> к ׹ Mean-test <ױ> ý Dz Ⱦ Ⱦ ĭ 뿩κͿ ׹ Ⱦ î ǩ ä Ǵٴ. Ⱦ ĭ 뿩κ  Ա𸰺η ٴ. 71.4%(15) Ȳη ȵٴ ݹ, Ҽ 58.6%(181)Ϳ 52.4%(161)  Ľη ȵٴ Ǵ, ٴ õ Ҽ 19.1%(59), 12.4%(38) ǵٴ. <> Ⱦ ĭ Dz Ǿ ǩ ǽý ǵޱ к ý Ա𸰺η Ҽ ǰ ǵޱ ٴ Ͱη ŵٴ(<>¶). κк Ҽ ǰ á Ÿ κ(Ҽ 63.4%, 58.5%)´ ݹ, ´ ӻƾϴ · ߹(65.2%) ǩ ·æ , Ǣæ (60.9%) 谦 ÷ǩ · ׹ ȵ ý ߹ · ٴ.(<ױ>¶). <> ǵޱ к ׹Mean test <ױ> ǵޱ Dz η 绫Ľ ׹ Ϳ ױ Ǥ ױ ·η ä 绫Ȳ  Ҽ ǰá á  Ҽ´ ʾҾٴ.(<>, <ױ>¶). <> 绫Ȳ к ׹ Mean test <ױ> 绫Ȳ Dz ŭ Ҽ ǰ ý ơ ٴ ٴ. ð, , , Ⱦ ׹ ǵޱ ÷ ý ݹ ɰ Ҽ ǰá ǰá ױ Ҿٴ. ȾͿ ǵޱ ´ ýޱ Ͱ 俸ȵٴ. ǰ  η ͱǵ´ Ͱǹη Ҽ ǰ鵺 ӻƾϴ ̹ ǭ Ⱦ񸡿 ر 봥û ǩ߾ Ͱٴ. Ƕ ݹ ǰ ýɴ· · ȸκ ޴ Ⱦ · ױ к ÷ ܴ ´ ƾҴ Ͱٴ. ѵ, Ҽ ǰ鵺 绫  ױ Ȳ ƾ ý ݹ ɰ · ྺ 嵯ٴ. ݱ ǰá  Ȳ ǰ ǵ ǵٴ. ױ ´ ܿ 绫 Ȳ ǩ ǵ߾ Ͱٴ. κк ᰤ 껦 ٴ´ ӾDZæǡ ´ Ҽ ǰá´ ޵޹ ´ ŽӼ ᰤ ǭ 绫 Ȳ ٴ. (6) 氵 ´ ǰ ƺ ݱ ǰ 氵 ư 俸ǵ ʾ´ η Ľǵ Կٴ. ױ ǰ鵺 η ٴ ٴ´ ر 氵 ǩ 俦 ʾ´ ױ ´ ܴ谡 ٴ. 󶭼 绡´ Ҽ ǰ 氵 κͿ κ η ױ · Ȧ к߾ ǩ Ǵٴ. ý ´ 氵谹 κ Ա𸰺η ٴ. Ҽ ǰ 71% 谹Ȼ ´ κк ܴ谹ȡ ױø, 2~5 谹Ȼ ´ ´ Ҽ 22.2%(72), 24.6%(75) ױ 47.6% ´ ԰ ̹ Ǵ, 谹Ȼ ʾ ´ õ 17.1%(Ҽ 108) ǵٴ(< >¶). <> 氵 Dz 氵 ÷ǩ, ý湡 û Ҽ ǰøٴ á ٴ û ´ Ͱη Ū Ա𸰺η ٴ(<>¶). η Ƹ, <ױ > ´ ٹͿ Ҽ · ȸ, ױ 쿱 øη(Ҽ 61.1%, 57.2%) ISO (87.0%) 쿱η Ǵٴ. ܿҼ ǰ鵺 ǵޱͿ 谭 Ϳ ý ߹ Ǵ, 鵺 Ҽ ǰ ׳ Ͱܿ ܿýη (52.2%) øη Ǵٴ. <> ǰý á к ׹ Mean test <ױ> ǰý Dz ǰ ɽκк ȿ , к߾, ׹ ó߹ 谹 , ׹ 봦 · 񸡿 ɰ ҼǰͿ ´ Ͱη ŵ, Ҽ´ ٴ. ()ȿ Ǧ ´ 谹 κ ׹  Ҽ ǰ 谹 ǩ ر ø ܴ谡 Ӹ ٴ.(<>¶). <ױ> ´ ٹͿ Ǵٴ. 谹Ȼ ٴ Ҽ ǰá 91.7%η 谹κ ǭ´ Żٴ ǩ 񺳱 Ǵٴ. ױ (68.2%), ߹(65.8%) ׹ Ᵽ(52.2%)η 谹Ȼ ٴ ݹ, 42.8%Ϳ Ҽ 43.8% Ǯ 谹ٴ Ǵٴ. <> /ó߹ 谹 κ ׹ к ׹ Mean test <ױ> /ó߹ 谹 κ ׹ Dz ȿ á , Ҽ (41.1%) ٱ(23.1%) ´ , κ е ´ 15.2%η Ҿٴ. ݹ, κ 쿡 41.3%η 񺳱 Ҿ ٱ԰ ´ ƾ 51.6% ǵٴ. ´ ҼϷ Ա𸡿 ޱ ޵޹ٴ. ױ ٹη ȿ ٴ.(<>¶). η´ ٴ Ҽ  ´ Ҿٴ. ױ 쿡´ ó߹ á 25.3%η Ҽٴ ױ ٴ. ó߹ á 񺳱 ƾ Ա𸡰 Ϸ ó߹ ƾ ٴ(<>¶). <> ȿ <> ٴη û Ƹ, ǰá Ҽ ǰ ٴ ٴ η ǩ ٴ. (<>¶). ٴ Ƹ, ԱͿ Ҽ 74.4%, 75.1% ױ 78.3% Ǹ ǰ÷ܴæ Ǵٴ. ױܿ Ҽ 49.7% , ױ (61.9%)Ϳ Ž/TV(46.2%) øη Ǵ, ܿ (47.8%)Ϳ ⱸ Űæ(43.5%) Ǵٴ.(<ױ>¶). <> á к ׹ Mean test <ױ> Dz Һ ǰ Ǫ ٴ. ý ȳκ, 谹 к߾, к ǽýк߾, ױ .ܴ ݱ޴ ׹ ޴Ľ ǩ 谹 к߾, ׹ ǻ ܿ 񸡿 ɰí Ա𸰺η ٴ. ո ý ȳ Ǿ ǩ Ҽ ǰø η 氵 ݱ 驿κͿ á ǩ , <> ´ ٹͿ Ҽ, ε 70% 氵 ݱ η ٴ Ǵٴ. ױ Ƕ´ ױ , ݱ ݱ к ʾ´ٴ õ Ҽ 27.5%(85), 20.1%(60) ǵ ҼϷ ⱻ η ʾ ʾ ٴ. Ƕ Ҽ ݹ 绪 绡԰ ٴ ݹ, 69.8%(215) ٴ Ǵٴ. ̹ Ҽ ǰ´ ƾ ݹ ý ȳǵ ǻ ܴη 嵯 ٴ.(<> ¶) 谭 þ˰ Ϸ ܿκ 谭 ˰ ٴ(<>¶). <> 氵 ݱ κ <> <> 谭 þ˰ ٴη к ǽýκͿ к к߾ ǩ Ҽ ǰ к ý η ٴ. 1 η ǽýٴ ´ Ҽ 39.2%, 43.6% ʾҾ, ݹ ǽýŰ ǽý ʾ´ٴ Ǵٴ(<>¶). к ǽý ´ 쿡 ձ 7 к´ ݹ, Ҽ ǰ鵺 3~4񸸸 кǴٴ. (<>¶). к к߾η´ <ױ > ´ ٹͿ ԱͿ к Ǵ (Ҽ 71.6%, 78.6%, 100.0%), ٴη´ Ÿ׾ кٴ. ױ к Ÿ׾ к ӻƾϴ к ܿ Ű 񸡿 ǩ ݹ Żٴ. <> κ ǽý <> к к߾ к ׹ Mean test <ױ> к к߾ Ҽ ǰ鵺 ܴ ݱ κ ԰ ޴´ Ͱ. Ա𸰺η ܴ ݱ޴ <> ´ ٹͿ Ҽ ǰ ݱ ޴ κк ǡ ǵٴ. ױ Ҽ ǡ ´ Ҿٴ. ݹ, ܴ 쿼Ǵ, ݹ 绤æ ߹ǩ ݱ ǩ Ҽ ǰá ǩ η ݱ κ ٴ. Ҽ ǰ ܴݱ ޴ ݱ, ׹ ٴ. ױ Ҽ 쿡´ 绤á ´ 63绪 ǵ Ҽ ݱ޴ 봯 ٴ. Ϳ´ ޴ ݱ ܴ绡 ܴ ݱ޴ٴ. ݹη Ա𸡰 Ϸ ܴ ݱ ǩ ݱ ޴´ ԰ Ū Ž 㴸· ڵ´ Ҽ ǰ ݱ޴ ý ٴ. <> ݱ޴ ݱ ŰĽ  Ա𸰺η ŵٴ. Ҽ ݹ Ƥ , ε ݱ η Ű , ٴ ݱ Ű ٴ ǩ Ҽ ǰ κк Ǥȵ ݱ Ű ٴ. ݹ, 66.7% ٴ ݱ Űٴ ǩ ݱŰ ٴȡ ˾ ٴ(<>¶). η ٱ 3ⳣ · Ȧ к߾ , , · к߾  Ҽ ǰͿ , Ҽ ´ Ż ʾҾٴ(<>¶). 񸰺η Ƹ, <ױ> Ū´ ٹͿ Ҽ ǰ κ´ ׹ , κ´ Ƥ ηƪ ߹á ر ȿ ױ · κ´ · ȸ η ٴ. ױ Ǻ ԱͿ ԰ Ű ǻ Ż ˾ ٴ. <> · Ȧ к߾ к ׹ Mean test <ױ> · Ȧ к߾ Dz ݱ к ǩ ŭ Ҽ ǰ 氵 ơ ٴ ٴ. ð, ׹ κٴ. 谹 Ƕ´ 谹Ⱥ ̹ , Ϳ ѶǷ ǿ ǻ ýǸη ·谦 Ŧ ǻ ٴ. ױ ٴ Ҽ ǰ鵺 Ϳ ´ Ͱη Ū Ⱦ񸡿 Ÿ 氯Ȧ ǩ , ý 鵡԰ ѶǷ Ϳ ױ ǿ ǻ ý ٴ. ѵ, ر ø ܴٴ. ٴ Ҽ ǰ 谹ý Ǯ 谹 , ߹  谹Ⱥ ʾ ´ Ͱη ̹ ƾ ýкȦ ´ ´ Ŵٴ. Ƕ ȿ ׹ 氵á ǵ , ´ η ٴ. Ϳ ǽ Ҽ ǰ ȿ , ɴ· ǻ ýٴ. ¼, Ҽ ý ر ̹ , к߾ ɴ η ʾ ٴ. ⱻ Ǫ ǽ  η ʾ , к  Ľη ´ Ͱη ŵٴ. Ϳ Һ 谭ǵ ʾ ׹ ýź Ϳ û Һɴ԰ ӻƾϴ 氵η ǩݱ š Ǿ Һɴ԰ Ͱٴ. ݳ, Ҽǰ´ ݱ ݱ ޴´ ƾ ݱ ׹ 绤 ߹ǻ ݱ ޴´ ǩ ݱ κ η ٴ. Ƕ ݱŰĽ ´ Ű ݱ ε ǵ ٴ. Ҽ ǰ ݱ ǵ Ⱦǧ ŰĽ Ż ǩ , ε Ӽ Žڷ ׽ƾ´ Ͱ ڰ, ý Ű ܴŰ û Űκ 봡 Ⱦ Ű ٴ´ ǵ ǵ ٴ. ٴ, к߾ ҼǰͿ ǰá Ű , ǻ Žٴ. ԱͿ ݹ ǰá Ϳ (), Ƥ ηͿ ߹á ر ȿ(), · ȸ(·) ٴ. Ҽ´ ޴ Ҽ ݹǰá Ⱦǧ, Ǥȵ Ҽ ǰ Ǻ Ž鵻 °ý ´ 쿧 Ͱη ܴȵٴ. 󶭼 Ҽǰ ° 쿧 ϴ ǭ´ ȵ к߾ η ´ 俸ȵٴ. (7) ׹ 쿧 ٴη´ Ҽ ǰ 쿧 ˾ƾ ȵ ·, ɴ·, ·, ɴ·, ׹ ⱸ 6 Žڷ Ͱη ŭ 3 ܿ ɴ·, · ׹ ɴ· 쿧 ơ , ɴ· ɴ·  ҼͿ ٴ.(<>¶). κ 񸰺η Ƹ, <ױ> ´ ٹͿ ɴ· ɴ·  Ҽ Ż η 쿧 Ҽη ٴ ơǵ´ ݹ, ݱ޴ ɴ· ´ ٴ ڵٴ. ɴ· ơ · ȸͿ 氵 ʽ κк´ Ű η ơȵ ݹ, ɴ·, Ⱦ ɴ·  ǻ 嵯³ٴ. ´ Ҽǰ ǩ Ͱη ŭ վ ޵޹ ٴ. <> 쿧 к ׹ Mean test <ױ> 쿧 Dz ٴη´ ǰá 쿧 η ´ ()· · ǩ Ǵٴ. · ơ 봮η ȵ · Dzȡ  Ҽ´ Ž ݹ, Ҽ´ Ҽ ǰ ݹη ɽ · ް ǽ԰ Ǵٴ(<>¶). η´ <ױ> ´ ٹͿ ձ 40.3 ݹ 0.7, Ҽ 0.2 , 1ޱ 2ޱ 쿡 DzȻ Żٴ. <> · Dzȡ к ׹ Mean test <ױ> · Dz ױܿ · Ȧ κ ߹ ýޱ 俸ǵ´ κк ǭ Ա𸰺η ٴ. (<>¶). · Ȧ κ ư ʾ´ٴ Ҽ ǰ Ҽ 36.8%, 32.0%η ԰ Ū Ҽ ǰ · 󻡿 ӵ԰ Ǵٴ. ´ 쿡 ԱͿ ǡ ޱ ȸ ε ´, Ա𸡰 Ϸ Ҿٴ. Ϳ Һ Ҽ ǰ´ ٴ ɴ· ȸ´ Ͱ, ߹ ε ٴ. ߹ ýޱ 俸ǵ´ κк ý Ż, Ҽ ǰ ý ߹ ε ٴ. ױ κ ´ ϴ ߹ ´ 忸 ٴ. ݹ, ´ ܴ ҼǮ ϴ ǰ(CM) 浡 ε´ Ͱη Ū Ա𸰺η ɴ кȵ ɴ ýǴٴ(<>¶). <> · Ȧ κ <> ߹ ýޱ 俸ǵ´ κк ä Ա𸰺 · Dzȡ´ Ż ʾ ݹ, ơ κк´ Ա𸰺η ٴ.(<>¶). Ҽ ǰ´ (Ҽ 52.4%, 63.9%), (Ҽ 48.3%, 42.5%, 87.0%) ׹ Dz(Ҽ 47.3%, 49.8%, 78.3%) η ܿ ܿ Dz ٴ 鵻 ǩ ٴη ơ ٴ. Ϳ ̹ Ҽ ǰ ٴ Ͱ · κȵ ٴ´ й κк ǵ ´ ý з Ͱٴ. <> ơ к ׹ Mean test <ױ>ơ Dz к ŭ Ҽ ǰ 쿧 ׹ · ơ ٴ ٴ. ð, ݰ·´ 쿧 ´ ݹ, ݱ޴· ׹ ý ̹Ǵٴ. Ƕ ɴ· ɴ· η ڵ ˾ ٴ. Ҽ ǰ ɴ· ྺ áǵ´ ݱ ý ̹񺡿 ߹ǵ´ η ŷ ǰͿ ٴ îǸη ޸ٲ ´ Ͱη ȵٴ. ѵ, Ҽ ǰ ý Ͱη ŭٴ. η κ ӻƾϴ Ҽ 36.8%Ϳ 32.0% · Ȧ ǩ  ʾ´ Ͱη Ū Ҽ ǰ · ɽ ȵٴ. ¼, ý Ҿٴ. ױ Ա𸰺 · Dzȡ´ ʾ´ ݹ ơ񸡿 ſη, ´ · κȵ ٴ´ ý ̹񺡿 Ͱη ȵٴ. (8) κ ׹ Ҽ κ ̹´ ޱ´ ޴ Ÿ ٴ. 7 Ҽ κ 氵 Ȳ ´ Ҽ, κ ´ ȿ ɴǵϷ ױ ݹ Ǻ ´ ǻ Ǹη 氵ȿ ǻ ̹ٴ. ǰ  κ´ Ⱦ ӻƾϴ (߹)η ̹ ϴǹη κ ȡ Ҽ ǰ ⳣ׾ ǻ ޹԰ȵٴ. 󶭼 绡´ Ҽ ǰ ÷ȵ , ݱ ׹ · ȸ ǽȺ 봦 Ⱦ ױ ǰ() 氵ȿ ǩ ǵ´ ྦ, ǵޱ÷, ݱ÷ ׹ ·ȸ ´ ǩ Ǵٴ. Ҽǰ ǽȺ κк ǭ´ Ҽ к ýǴ, Ӹ ǡ ǭ´  񸡿 ٹ ´ 󺵵к ǽýǴٴ. ո Ҽǰ ÷ 鵡 ݹ ݹ 鵡 ǩ 봼η ౤η ŵٴ(<ױ>¶). ױ ޱݱ(Ҽ ε 4.0) ޹ƾ Ҽ η , ٴη´ Ǧ( 4.4, Ҽ 4.3), ޱ( 4.0, Ҽ 3.9), ҼԱ ྦ( 3.9, Ҽ 3.8) ٴ. ǦͿ ޱ ԰ ŭ Ͱ 88% ٴ ڰٴ. Ҽ ǽȺ к ÷ ´ Ͱη ŵٴ. , Ҽٴ ÷ ǽȺ ԰ ơ ٴ(<>¶). Ҽ ǰ 봦 ǡ Ǧ ݱ׾ Ƕ 1 ( 42.9%, Ҽ29.7%)η Ǵٴ. ݹ ޱǵ׾ Ҽưݱ, Ž뿸ݱ ױ Ҽ ʷ´ Ҽ ǰ 氵 ǽ ´ Ͱη ŵٴ. <ױ 5> Ҽǰ÷ ǽȺ() <> ÷ ǽȺ к ׹ Mean test < 19> Ҽǰ 봦 (η ) ޱݱͿ ÷ǩ ɷý ƾ ޱݱ ÷ȵ ҺǮ Ǥ 嵯ٴ. ޱݱ ɷýⱡ ǵ( 35.8%, Ҽ 30.9%), ÷ 谡 ޱݱ ޱκ ޴Ű(31.6%), Ҽ´ ý ޱݱ Һκ Һ ǻ ǵϷ 俸Ҽ(30.6%)´ 쿡 ٴ Ǵٴ. < 18> ޱݱ ɷý (Ҽ κк, ױ) κк Ҽ ǰ ޱ Ÿ ٴ Һ ǽ´ 44.4%(136)Ϳ Ҽ 72.8%(219) ޱ ´ Ͱη ŵٴ. ´ ȵ η´ ݹ ⱸȡ ǩ ޱ 绡 Һ ƾ Ҽ鵡԰ ޱ ⱸȡ ʾ ýǴٴ( 76.9%, Ҽ 86.4%). < 15, 16> ޱ , ޱ ´ (Ҽ) ױٴ 氵 Ҽ ǰ鵡԰ ǽ ǵ´ ԱϿ Ǻ . ո ྦͿ ÷ǩ ǽ ǵ´ Ǹη´ (21.7%, 5) , (52.8%, 160), Ҽ(53.2%, 160) ε 봸 Ǵٴ. Ƕ 2 Ž Ͱ ߹ ͱ绯 Һý ߹ ȴٴ( 30.4%, 26.1%, Ҽ23.2). η ´ ྡ ݹǰ 谯, ױ ߹ ͱ绯 Ᵽ  ݱ 绯( ݹǰ 14, 15, 16) ߹ǻý ߹Ϳ ý ԰ Աǵ ʾٴ. ý绡 η ....߾ٴ Աǵ ǹη 谦 ʾ ´ Ͱٴ. < 20> ྦ ǮȦ (η ) ǵޱ ÷  Ա𸡿 ǵ´ ԱϿ Ǹη ݹã ǵޱ ݱ Ͽ/( 39.1%, 37.0%, Ҽ 51.2%) 2η´ ǵޱ ݱ Ͽ/( 39.1%, 23.9%, Ҽ 22.4%)η ǵٴ. < 21> ǵ´ ǵޱ ÷( , ) ٴη Ҽǰ ǩ ǵ´ ݱǻ , Ҽ´ ǰǡ ݱ (42.1%, 125), ´ Ž뿸ݱ ǵ η Ͱ(44.0%, 131) ٴ. ´ Ҽ 61.5%(195)Ϳ 53.0%(166) ݱ 俶޴ Ⱦǧ 紬 ܴȵٴ. < 22> Ҽǰ ݱ ( ܿ,ױη ) η Ҽ ǰ · ´ · ȸ Ⱦη´ ,Ҽ ε ȺȦ ( 54.5%, Ҽ 56.1%), ٴη´ ǰ÷ η ô Ͱ( 36.5%, Ҽ 35.8) ٹ ٴ. < 23> Ҽǰ · ȸ Ⱦ( ױη , ܿ) κ ׹ ´ ٴ ٴ. ð, Ҽ κ ǽȺ к Ҽٴ ÷ ǽȺ ԰ ٴ. ´ η Ҽٴ 鵻 ٴ´ Ͱ ̹ٴ. 󶭼 ÷ Ҽ԰ ǽ ƾ Ϸ ǵ߾ Ͱٴ. ѵ, ݹη Ҽ ǰ鵺 ޱݱ, Ǧ ׹ ޱ ǽȺ ٴ ơ ٴ. ´ ٴ Ҽ Ͱη ܴȵٴ. ݹ, ݱ Ϳ ·ȸ ´ ǽȺ Ͱη Ū Ҽ ǰ ݱ ׹ ·ȸ 俸ȵٴ. ¼, ޱݱ ޱͿ ÷ , ޱݱ ޱý ƾ Ǥ ҺǮ ǰκ ý 俸ȵٴ. Ƕ ٴ Ҽ ޱ 绡 Һ ⱸ ٴ. з ޱ ´ ʾ Ҽǰ ӻƾϴ Ҽ ǰ · 谮ȳ ǭ  ޱ ´ Ǹη ǵⱦ ٴ. ݳ, ǰ 氵 Ǹη´ 봸 , ݹǰã ǵޱ ݱ Ƕ´ Ͽ, ǰǡ ݱ ׹ Ž뿸ǵ׾  °, ر ׹ 봦 ٴ. ¸, 17η 봸 ´ ݱ á Ӽη ǩ ¿ Ͱη ýá 봸 鵡԰ η ױ ݰ ƾ ӻƾϴ 谡 ȸ ǩ ý 绤ö޴ ӻ æ к԰ ǩ ǰ ´ Ʀ ´ ǵ ٴ. Ƕ ǰ Ӽǵ ǰ ȡ , ã ɴ кȡ ʵ Һ Ͱٴ. ü 鵺 , ⱹ ׹ ݱ޴ ҼǮ κ · Ͱ Ҽ ǰ鵺 ǽ ý ´ Ǹη ɵ ɴ ٴ. 󶭼 ü ¸ ݹã ǵޱ ݱ 俸ȵٴ. 4) к վ к ǩ Ҽ ǰ 氵ݹ 񺳱ǩ η Ÿ ٴ´ ǽ Ǵٴ. ױٴ Ҽ ǰ鵺 ǭ ԰ ߾ Ͱ. 氵ݹ Ӽ Һ η ´ á ٴ 鵺 Ա 鵡 ǩ 쿧 Ͱη ܴ ٴ. 󶭼 쿧 𵡿 ´ Ǿ η Ҽ ǰ · ǩ  · ￩߾ ´ 䴻 Ͱٴ. ǩ 鵻 Ա𸰺η Ա 񺳱ǩ η ( ޱ 3ⳣ Ӽη ½ ) Ϳ ױ ʾ η кǩ к ǽýǴٴ. <> ٴ. ո Ա𸰺 æ Ƹ, Ҽ 5.7%, 23.7%, 30.4%ٴ. Ҽ η Ͱ 绡 Ҽ κк 1994 ȵ Ž Ͱη ܴȵٴ. кƦ Ƹ, 󶵵 ƾ 16.2% Ǵ, ٴη´ 󻵵 кƦ Žٴ. ױ 1994⳵ ǰý ߹׾ Ƹ, 󻵵 8 4 772 Ҿ, ٴη´ 󶵵 8õ103 8407η 2,3 ǩ кơ ǰý ߹׾ ÷ ´ Ͱη ٴ. Ƕ ⳵ η´ 1989~ 1993 Ǧ á Ҿٴ. ٴý Ա𸰺η кǩ , Ҽ 1988 Ǧ á 5Ϳ 10维, ε 1988 Ǧ ôٴ. 1989(1 dz) ~ 1993 Ǧ ´ Ҽ 21, 31η Ҽǰ 80% ýⱡ Ǧ ٴ. ױ 1994ⳡ 1996 κ 1989 dz Ǧ η ٴ´ Ͱ Ⱦǧ, ýⱡ ǰ ŽԱ 鵣 Ÿ Ż ˾ ٴ. Űη´ Ľ绡 ܴ Ҿ, η´ ǰ 80.8%η κкٴ. <> ܴ: , % к(%)ݱ к(%)Ա𸰺 к(%)10(13.5)5 ̹1(1.4)Ҽ26(35.1)κ6(8.1)5~10̹8(10.8)41(55.4)봸8(10.8)10~15̹15(20.3)7(9.5)2(2.7)15~20̹8(10.8)95 ׾к(%)4(5.4)20~25̹13(17.6)50̹33(44.6)1(1.4)25~30̹4(5.4)50~100̹9(12.2)Ⱶ2(2.7)30~35̹8(10.8)100~150̹5(6.8)3(4.1)35~40̹2(2.7)150~200̹7(9.5)ûõ6(8.2)40~50̹ 2(2.7)200~250̹5(6.8)󶵵12(16.2)50~100̹2(2.7)250~300̹1(1.4)󻵵17(13.0)100~200̹2(2.7)300~500̹3(4.1)3(4.1)2007(9.5)50011(14.9)000(%)(%)(%)~8822(29.7)ǰ59(80.8)0(0.0)89~9352(70.3)ǰ+2(2.7)Ľ68(94.4)940(0.0)ǰ11(15.1)/3(4.2)1(1.4)ױ谭1(1.4)01: %´ 䴺 ܿ Ͱ. (1) Ҽ Ҽ ݹ Ҽ η 鵡 к ý ޱ DzȻ ܿ´ Ű ٴ. ޱ Dz <> ´ ٹͿ κ ŵ´, [ Ҽ ձ κ ׹ 2.6 2.0η ݹ 1.7 1.2ٴ Ҿٴ. <> ޱ Dzȡ к ׹ Mean test <ױ> ޱ Dz (2) ݹ Ա 񺳱ǩ 4κ ٴ. Ǫ Ƹ, ո ¹ϴǼ Ⱥ ٴ. (<>¶). <ױ> ´ ٹͿ ݹ ٴ ǣ, 绣, κ ׹ ·Ϳ Ҽ ˾ ٴ. ǰ Ľ绡 ǰ ǰ ߹ ǩ ýޱ ǵ߾ Ǹη ޱ ǣ Ҽ 谦 Ͱ , ¹ϴǼ Ϸ Ȣ ž ˾ ٴ. <> ¹ϴǼ Ⱥ к ׹ Mean test <ױ> ¹ϴǼ ٴη´ ʽ 氵 ׹ 氵 Ž ·  ݹ ٴ. (<>¶). <ױ> ´ ٹͿ 氵鵺 ݹ 氵 ٴ 鵻 ݰη , ߰ ᰤ ݹ, ǩ · , · Ͱη ŵٴ. <> ׹ · к ׹ Mean test <ױ> ʽ ´ ǿĽ ý, ý ´ · ٴ. ձ 3.8 Ż 2.0 Ž ݹ ٴ ýٴ. Ƕ · ƾ, è, , κɽ 񸡿  ݹ ٴ ٴ.(<>, <ױ>¶). η Ž κ 쿧 ơٴ. ݹ ٴ ɴ· ɴ· 쿧 ´ Ͱη ŵٴ(<>¶). ɴ· ´ ݹ鵸ٴ ȿ ٴ ر Ƕ ɴ· Ǵٴ. Ƕ ɴ· ´ ݹ ٴ ·æ ȸ , 氵 ʽ Ͱη ơǵ ӻƾϴ ɴ· Ⱦ ޴ ɴ· ٴ ơǴٴ. <> ɴ· ɴ· к ׹ Mean test <ױ> ɴ· ׹ ɴ· (3) 쿵 Ҽ ¡η Ⱦ î (<>¶) ܿ´ Ż´ Ű ٴ. ܴ, η Ż´ ʾҾ, ݹ ǩ 봮 κ ǧ ׹ ε Ҽ ٴ(<ױ>¶). <> Ⱦ î к ׹ Mean test <ױ> ޱ Dz к , , Ҽ ݹ 񺳱ǩ 񺳱 쿧 ϴ ´ Ͱη Ųη ɴ ýٴ. 󶭼 Ҽ κ á · ȸη ǵ´ ý ǩ ǰ ٶ ǰæ 蹦 η ǰ 氵ȿ ǩ 쿧 ´ Ҽ ǰæ ǭ´ Ϳ η 񺳱쿧 鵡԰ á ߾ Ͱٴ. ´ 氦· ´ ǻ ǰ ý ´ Ҽ ױ Ƹ ´ Ͱ ڰٴ. к ǩ ŭ 氵 κ ơ» ٴ ٴ. ð, ݹ ǩ η εٴ. ޱ Ա𸰺 кý Ҽ ǰ η Ͱη ŭ ݹ, Ҽ ׹ ݹøٴ ε԰ Ǻǵ ٴ. ǽ ǰ ǡ ´ ǹη ٴⳣ ´ ߾η · , á´ η Ŧٴ 봯 ٴ. ѵ, ¹ϴǼ ٴ. ¹ϴǼ Ⱥ Ա𸰺 к ´ Ҽ ǰ Ż ʾη ҼԱ · 컮 ´ Ͱη ŵٴ. ױ 쿡 ٹͿ 鵺 ݹøٴ η ¹ϴǼ ٴ. ´ η ҼԱ 컮 ˾ ٴ. ¼, 氵 ι ʽ ر ·ٴ. Ա𸰺 кý´ 氵 ׹ 氳 · · 񸡿 ´ Ż ʾ ݹ, 鵺 ݹ ٴ 鵻 ݰη , ߰ ͱ , Ƕ · ٴ ơ޹ ٴ. ̹ й ǩ Ӽ· , · ᰤ  © ƻ гȸη ⱡ ߹ǵϷ ´ Ҽ ǰ 氵 Ȳ ǻ ٴ´ Ͱ ˾ ٴ. ݳ, Ǻ ·ٴ. · ݹ ٴ ԰ ŭ Ͱ ¹ϴǼ ҼԱ Ӽ· 컮 Ɐ߹ ر ʽ 紬 ܴȵٴ. ױ Ա𸰺 к ´ Ҽ · ´ Ͱη Ųη ݹøٴ · 쿧Ҽ Ǫη ٴ ܴȵٴ. ٴ, ɽ Ŧ Ǻ ٴ. Ա𸰺η Ż´ ʾҾ, Ҽ ǰ ٴ ɽ, ý´ ơ» ³, ҼϷ ٴ. ױ Ϳ´ ݹη 񸰺 ձ 3.8η (3.0)ٴ ý´ Ͱ ˾ ٴ. ´ ơ Ҽ ǰͿ´ ޴ ٴ´ ٹŸη ýٴ. , ɴ· ɴ· 쿧 ٴ. Ա𸰺 к ´ Ҽǰ ݰ· κ Ż ʾη 쿧 ´ Ͱη ŭ ݹ, Ϳ Һ Ⱦȵ ý » ߹ǵ´ ɴ· ɴ· η · ˾ ٴ. ݰ · ٹŸη 쿧 ٴ ݰ 鸭 η ŷ ݰ ´ Ÿ· ʾ Ħ ԰ ǩ߾ ٴ. ױ ´ 绽 , İȿ ´ ٴ. 󶭼 İȿ ǩ ޴ǵ ʾ 쿧´ Ӽ ǩ 쿧Ҽη ٴ. ױ Ա𸰺 к Ϳ к , ݰ· ɴ· ɴ· ȵٴ к ٴ. 3. к ׹ ý绡 κ 氵Ȳ ٴ ܴǵ´ Ҽ Ա𸰺 к к <> ٴ. Ա𸰺 к ŭ Ҽ ǰ 氵 DzȻ ױη Ż <ױ> ٴ. ð, ȵ Ű к߾ ɰí Ҽ ǰ ǰá ǩ Ͱη ŵٴ. ױ ´ Ƹη´ Ҽ ǰ Ա áǵ´ κ ٴ Ƹη´ â ´ ơ( Ҽ ) ȵٴ ٴ. ٹͿ Ҽ ǰá η ǩ 氵 ׹ ǡ ǻ ԰ ʵ Һ Ͱٴ. 绡 ŭ Ҽǰ ٴ Ű Ϳ ý ٴ ڵ ߹ ر ƾ ܴ Ͱٴ. 鵡 , , , (Organizational life cycle) ٴ ٴ. 󶭼  ܴ谡 Ϳ ij ױ 俸ǵ´ Ľ ɴ鵵 ޴ٴ ٴ. ιױ(H. Mintzberg)´ ܴ谦 ý ܴ: ɴ( (ܴ: ýܴ: κ ( ܴ: ŸƯ 4ܴη кǴ, Ǯ(G. L. Lippitt)Ϳ ̹(W. H. Schmidt)´ , , η кǩ ܴ谰η ɽͿ ɽ ׹ ױ ´ Ľ ɴ ޴ٴ Ǵٴ. Ƕ ͳ(J. M. Cannon) ߹ 5ܴη к ܴ谰 ơº <> Ǵٴ. к1ܴ2ܴ3ܴ4ܴ5ܴƺ ᰤ  ɽ 氵 κк ᰤ Ľ ȿɴ к 氵 ܿ 氵 ɴܴη кDZ ŦҺɴ кDZ ߹, (ǰ Ŷ ⱹκ ᰤ ⱹκ 氵 ᰤ ӾDZ 氵 ᰤ 2ܴͿ ױʳ(L. E. Greiner)´ <ױ> ´ ٹͿ ߹ܴ谦 ܴ, ܴ, ܴ, ܴ, ¡ܴ 5ܴη кǴٴ. ܴ谶ٴ ڴ´ ⱦ ر´ Ž ݹǸη ´, ܴ谡 ¸԰ǵ´ ´ (´ )Ϳ ݰ ޴ٴ Ǵٴ. 1ܴ´ âη Ž, ( · ý ´ ܴ , Ľ ǵ´ ٴ. 󶭼 ȵٴ. ɴ 氵 Ǹη ׹ 谦 2ܴη ٴ. 2ܴ´ ٴ DZ, ɴ , ɴ κȡ η ȵٴ. DZǺ á ǵ Ŧ ǡ Ɀ ǵ ⱦ ¸԰ ȵٴ. 3ܴ´ DZ Ŧ ´ ǻ DZ кDZ æη Ǹη ٴ. 氵´ ܿ Ͱ ǭ ᰤ ٴ. кDZȡ ܴ , Ƕ, 񺡰 áǵ Ŧ ⱦ ¸԰ ȵٴ. 4ܴ谡´ Ŧ ⱦ Ŧηױ ر ٴ. Ա𸡰 氯ȡ ŽӼ ´ Ȳ ǵ κ, ⱹ, Һȡ ߹ٴ. 5ܴη ⱦ · Ǹη ٴ. ܴ谡´ Ľ ٴ ȣ Ƕ ȵٴ. <ױ> (( 绡 Ҽǰ ܴ谦 ⱡ ǩ к , վ ´ ٹͿ ҼԱ ǰ 73% 94⳵ Ǧ Ͱη Ū ܴ 1ܴ() ǻ ˾ ٴ. 󶭼 Ű ȿ Է ԰ , DZ Һ, Ᵽ, , ǵޱ Ű ý ԰ Ū´ Ͱ ԰ η Ľ ܴ´ 1ܴ ƺ ݹ 紬 ٴ. ױ ҼԱ ǰ â ǭ 氵 ʽ Ż ʾŰ ױ ٴ. ʽ ýٴ. ѵ, ԱͿ ·η ƾ 2ܴ ´ 3ܴ() Ա ǰ , ý ȳ ܿ´ Ű ʾҾٴ. 󶭼 ´ κк Ա 鸡 ǵ ӻ 1ܴ Ƕ´ 2ܴ谡 Ū´ ׹ ⱦ ر ȳ ýٴ. ܿ к η ´ Ա ǰ ҼԱ 컮鸭 ߹ܴ 1ܴ â ٴ ܴη ´ ´ ʽ , Ž´ ٴ soft S ǽ ´ Ͱ ٴ. 鵺 ¹ϴǼ ι( ʽη · , ý ׹ ȳ Ľ 谦 ǹη Ա á´ κ 谦 ر ˾ ٴ. <>Ա𸰺 ׹ к ŭ ҼǰͿ ơ 񺳱 . Ҽǰ · Ȧ 2 Ҽǰ 氵Dz 3 氵ǽŶ绡 ŭ Ҽǰ ơ ٹŸη ´ ð, Ҽ ǰ ޱ´ 氡 ǩ Ⱦ 氵 ױ ǡ ǩ , ѵ, վ ǽŶ绦 ٹŸη Ա𸰺η ޴ ǩ Ž(Ƕ´ )ǵ߾ 氵 κ鵻 η ý ٴ. Ɑ ýǵ´ ⱻǺ ܴ谡 쿱Ⱶ ٴ. Ҽǰ Ǧ ޴ ǭ´ κ ر 氳 · Ǻ ε ǹη ױ 俺 Ⱦ ηǩ Ⱦٴ. 1. Ҽǰ 氵 ⱻ ױ 쿱 1) 쿧 ȸ: / վ ǽŶ绡 ŭ ٹ Ա 鵻 ܿ´ κк Ҽǰ Ű ý , к߾ , ´ Ͱη ŭٴ. ȡ Ƥ ° 쿧 ٴ ٴ Ͱ кٴ. 󶭼 Ҽǰ鵺 쿱 Ƥ к߾ 쿧 ȸ ȡ ٹŸη ´ 汻 ƾ߾ Ͱٴ. (M. Poter) 쿧 ȸ ǩ ´ Ⱦη 쿧(overall cost leadership) ° (differentiation), (focus) ٴ. Ű ޱŰϴͿ Ҽ ྡ Ա áǵ´ 氵 κ´ Ⱦ Ҽǰ 쿧 ´ Ⱦ ٴ. Ƥ Ÿ ܴ κ, Ƕ´ η Ǥȵ ý η ´ Ͱٴ.  Ǥȵ Ǧ ٴ ɴη ޴Ǹη Ǫ Ƥ к߾ 쿧 ȸ ´ Ͱٴ. 󶭼 ´ ٴ ý ȵٴ. Ҽǰ´ Ǥȵ к߾ ýŸη Ƥ к߾ 氵ȿ ݹ Žڷ ׽ƾ Ͱٴ. 2) / : ý/к ױ ǭ η ǵ߾ Ͱ ý/ к(market or industry segmentation)ٴ. ý к Ƥ ׹ 񺺽 ý Ҽ (Ÿ ƺ, , ) ǩ  кýη ´ Ͱ ̹ٴ. ý/ к ǩ 1) Ƥ ý Ͱ, 2) кȵ ý Ǹη ɴ кý鵡´  Ͱ ´ ǩ߾ ٴ. ױ š к кȦ η η ɵ ´ Ͱ´ 1) ǵŰ 껡ɴ η ɴ Ǿ, 2) Ƥ ǻ Ÿ Ű Ÿ ´ Ÿ , 3) , , ܴ ơ´ Ÿ ױ 4) þ Ҽ鵡 ޴ ǵ Ű šɴ η ٴ. ǰ , <ױ> ´ ٹͿ (), ߹(Ÿ) ױ ý( )η кɵ Ͱٴ. кý ո , ǰ, , ǣưη, ƾ´ 󶵵 ߹ ij Ƕ´ ij 俸ǵ´ , ױ  Ͱٴ. Ƕ ǰ/߹η ´ 񺺽( , , ) Ͱ, , ι ȵ  󶭼 ޴߾ Ͱٴ. 󶭼 Ҽǰ´ ƺ ´ кý ý ýη ﻻ Ͱ ᰤǩ߾ ٴ. ݹη ý ð, кý ԱͿ ׹ кý Ÿ· ơ ѵ, Ϳ ơ ٹŸη ý(target market) ǩ߾ ٴ.   <ױ> ǰ ýк  ƾƮ  ߹/ǰ  ݹ  , 󻹺   绫 ǰ  ǰ   η ߹Ҽ Ǹ  γ  ÷ý ܿý ý  ǣ ٱý  / Ӿκ ý кý ԱͿ ơ ´ Ÿ׾ Ա𸡰 , кý ٹٴ ơǵ, ý κк ǩ Ÿ· ܴǵǹη Ÿ ĭ԰ ݹٴ. 󶭼 Ҽ 谦 ǩ η Ÿ· , εý ǩ߾ Ͱٴ. кý ԱͿ ܿ Ƕ кý Ÿ· ơ ǩ ׹ , 봼, ݰ η Ÿ ·, ½ η , , 볿 ޱ ·  ơǩ߾ ٴ. кý ơͿ Һ Ϳ ׹ ơ ٹŸη 绡 绸ٴ Ÿ 忸 ÷ý ٴ ܴǵ´ ý ýη ǩ߾ ٴ. ⱻ Ľǡ Ҽǰ ý Ǹ. ո Ҽǰ鵺 Ϳ ǡ ι ȡ ٴ ι԰ 봳 ٴ. Ƕ ǵޱͿ ׳ Ǻ ǩ ܿ 񺳱ǩ η ߹ ´ Ű(transaction cost) 쿧 ߹ Ͱٴ. 󶭼 Ҽǰ ý 1´ ý ý ɵ Ͱǹη й 氵 쿱 ε߾ Ͱٴ. Ƕ η <ױ> кý 谦 η ´ ߹ ǰ, ݹ 绫  ݹη ݰ 쿧η Ͱ, 쿧 ʾ ⱡ ǵ߾ Ͱٴ. ױ 󻹺 ǰ  俦 ǩ߾ ´ Ͱǹη ܿ ư , Ʈ 谦 ǩ 忸 ý´ Ͱ 쿧Ҽ ɵ Ͱٴ. 3) °  / Һ ǵ߾ ° ٴ. ܴ Ǹ ´ ѳ Ÿ -- 뿡 Ⱥ ɽ -- Ǹη η κ Ž °ýٴ. °´ Ÿ׾ ýٴ絡 Ɐ Һ Ⱦ ´ 쿧 ȵٴ. 󶭼 Ҽǰ鵺 ýкȦ ǩ ȵ ý °Ȧ ޴Ǹη ° ǽ ٴ. ױ °´ þ 껰 Ƹ ƾϴ κ, , ߹, 浰ȿ к߾ ɰ 񺺽 ȿ 氵 ȿ ǩ ޴ɵ , η´ η ݰ ý´ 쿧 ° η ǽȵٴ. °Ȧ ɴ԰ ´ ⱻ η´ 1)  ȿ Ͱ, ԰ Ͱ -- , 񺺽 , , ׹ , ÷ , ý ´ 氵ȿ -- ᰤ, 2) ޱ ηͿ , 3) ֹ, 4) , 5) Ϳ ÷, 6) , 7) ɴ , 8) Ա, 9) ٴ. Ҽǰ´ ٴ 绡԰ ǩ ° ٴ. ° ǭ´ Ϳ η Ͱ 氵ý  ȵ ýŸη ߾ ٴ. к ŭ ơº <ױ> ž ´, ´ Ҽǰ ° ɵ Ͱٴ. ° η Ƹ ð, ι ʽ ׹ ɴ· ٹŸη κ Ǻ ѵ, ɴ· ° ɵ ´ ٴⳣ ǻ û ٴ ȸ ¼, η Ⱦ ޴ ȸͿ ǻ ȸ ޱͿ 谦 ˾ ٴ. üη Ǹη ° ǻ ٴ ٴ. ٹŸη Ҽǰ 氵 κ ° Ⱦ ٴ Ƹη ٴ. ´ Ҽǰ κ 氵Ž()Ⱶ ٴ. <ױ> ǰ ° ( )  κ ι, , ׹ ɴ·  ߹ ´ ȸ (Ÿ)ȿ  Ⱦ  (ȿ ) ޴ ȸ ǻ  ȸ  Ƥηơ ر  ()ȿ ()ȿ ýȿ ȭ񺺽ȿ  ( ȿ) 4) Ȧ : ٴ ʽ ⱦ ر Ϳ °Ȧ ǩ ǩ 3ܴ谪 4ܴη 鵺 ྻ η 俸ȵٴ. ǩ ´ Ⱦ ٴ(concentric diversification strategy) ٴ. ٴ Ƥ ݱ ǩ ¿ , , Ű Ͱ ǩ η ܴ(ý) Ҽ´  ٴ. <ױ> ´ ٹͿ Ҽǰ鵺 Ϳ ° ǩ ȵ ɽ ٹŸη 俸ǵ´ к߾η η Ӽ ٴ. ǰ 봥 ٴ. ź ǰ κ ýǩ ǰ( Ȯ ǣ ǰ( ׹ ݹ ǰ/ ǰ( ·߹Ҽ ǽ ǰ( product line(, κ ׹ )η ɽ ٹŸη Ɀ԰ ý ٴ. <ױ> Ҽǰ ٴ  ⱸ ÷ Ž  ⱸý   ÷ý   Žý  : Fumio Hasegawa & The Shimizu Group FS, Built by Japan,1988, p. 109 ױ ǩ Ͱ. 2. · Ȧ ǽ , °, ٴȡ ´ ÷ ǩ Ҽǰ ǩ߾ 氵 Ž 뿻 κη ý ٴ ٴ. 1) ¹ϴǼ 鸡 ¹ϴǼ (opinion) Ҽ (sentiment) ý´ ǧ ܴ ٴ.  ¹ϴǼ 氵 ( 谡 ȣ Ǧ ܴ ҺŽ´ 氻 蹦 ý ǿ ǿ谦 ´ ٴ. ҼԱ ´ η ¹ϴǼ ǩ ȸ´ Ͱ Ǫ η Ͱٴ. ¹ϴǼ ǭ´ ٴ ǡ ǩ߾ Ͱٴ. 1) Ž ݹ Ǿ ´ û Ͱ, 2) ܴ  ǵϷ Ͱ, 3) ǻ Ͱ, 4) ر ǽ ǿ ǩ κ ǵϷ Ͱ(actions to reinforce words) 2) Ž ߹ ´ κ  ȿ ´ ٴ. Ž(entrepreneurship) Ϳ ´ ǻ , ǽ η ʽ ƾ Ž(inovation) ´ Ͱٴ. ´ Ž 俼´ Ž ٴ Ǵٴ.  氵԰ Ű η ´ Ҽ   ƺ ij ǻ ̹ĺ ε ٴ. 氵 ǻ ܴη Ż <ױ> ٴ. ǡ ԱͿ к ٹŸη Ҽǰ 氵 ߹߾ ´ Ž ٴ ٴ. <ױ> 氵      : Žٱ ܿ, з, , ٴ, 1987. (1) 氵 к ŭ Ϳ ´ 鵻 ݰη 绦 ǩ 氵 ݹ´ 氳 Ȳ´ Ͱη ŵٴ. Ƕ 氵η ٴ Ľ · ǽ Ͱη Ǿǵٴ. Ž ߹´ 鵻 Ӽý ٹ Ⱪ Ͱ кٴ. (2) ɴ· ιױ´ 氵 Ǻ (interpersonal roles), (informational roles) ׹ ᰤ (decional roles)η 봰ȵٴ Ǵٴ. 氵 谡 á ¸ Ͱη, 氵´ κӻƾϴ ܿκ Ȣû ߾ ٴ´ Ͱٴ. ιǰ ´ Ƹ ´ 쿡 , Ƕ ǰ ư ´ ر ǹη ߹ ܿκû ȸͿ Ÿ ýȵٴ. Ա𸰺 кý ŭ ٹͿ Ҽǰ 氵 ƺ Ÿ ǹη ɴ· ȡ 俸ȵٴ. (3) ɴ· κ ŽӼ ɴ· κ 氵 ǽη ´ Ǫٴ. Ű 쿮 ǰ 氵 ǽ 氵 ȡ ɴ رη 봳 ´  氯ȡ ر Ž ǩ η  氵 ߹߾ ɴ· Ͱٴ. ǰý´ ޱݰ 氯ǡ Ҽǰ 氵´ ٴ û ǩ Ⱦ񸡿 谹´ · ￩߾ ٴ. (4) ɽ ʽ η Ҽǰá ǵ߾ Ž Ǫ´ ɽ ʽ Ͱٴ. 绫ǽ ´ 氵 ƾϴ Ȼ , ٴ, Ҽܿ ־ ߹´ η Ǹη ´ · ǩ Ӿ Һ ŽӼ ᰻ 氵 Ȳ 蹡ɵ Ͱ кٴ. 3) 羺 ر Ϳ Ɐ߹ (1) (÷ ׹ (÷ 쿧 øη Ǻ ̹ ٹͿ ٴ. ǰ · · ȸ ȵٴ ǩ ƾҴ Ͱٴ. ױ Ҽǰ鵺 3D Ҽ´ Ⱦ ǹη · ȸ ް ǽŶ ȵ ٹͿ ٴ. 󶭼 Ҽǰ ´ Ƕٴ Ⱦ κ· ÷ Ȧ 羺ٴ. Ϸ Ҽǰ 谦 ٴ 󶵵 · ٴ Ҽ Ⱦ񸡿 ´ Ͱٴ. η´ ݰ浡 зŰϴͿ ȵ ÷ȵ Ž , ɴ· ǩ á ر Ķ ױ ɵ Ͱٴ. (2) 꺦 Ƕ Ҽǰ´ ر 꺦 뿻 ǩ ٱη忻 ý 껺 ý, ´ · ￩߾ Ͱٴ. Ᵽ , 鸡 °Ȧ ǭ´ ر ȡ ݱ Ƕ´ ݹ 꺦 ǩ ٱη忻 ý, ٱӼ ´ Ż κǩ õϷ ǩ߾ Ͱٴ. (3) Ⱦ Ɐ߹ ر 氵 © Ǫ ٹη Ⱦٴ. к Ū´ ٹͿ 氵 © Ϸ η ſ ˾ ٴ. 氵´ ƾ ߹߰ ´ 谡 Ͱٴ. 󶭼 ǡ ٹŻ е κ Ž ƾ 氵 ´ Ⱦ رη ǩ߾ Ͱٴ. 4) 绣 ŽڷͿ ǻ ٹŸη Ӽ· ȸ ǩ Ҽ й Ӽ· Ͱٴ. к ǰ · ݹ ǰ ·ٴ ԰ ŭ Ͱ  紬 ٴ. 󶭼 Ҽǰ鵺 绣 ǻ ٴ ´ Ⱦ ߹ǩ رη ߾ Ͱٴ. (1) 鵻 η 氵 æ 氵 续ǻ ߶´ ҺŽٴ. 󶭼 绣 Žڷ ȸȵٴ Һⱡ ´ ý 氵Ⱶ ܴ᰻ ǩ ر ƾ ߹ · ýʳ ر봭Ȧ Ͱٴ. Žڷ ȸ Ⱦ Ǫ´ 鵺 η 氵Ŧ ´ Ͱٴ. ǩ 氵´ ý´ ߹ · , 氵š ýⱡ´ վ Ⱦ ǩ ԰ кɵ Ϸ Ǹη 绣 Ӽ· Ͱٴ. (2) ̹Ὤ Ľ Ӽ· ý ´ Ƕ ٴ Ⱦ 񺳱 ݱ׾ η ɴ ̹Ὤ ´ Ͱٴ. з 봥 ռ ǽǺ 氵  볿껺 氡 ǰ(Ľý, ݱ ) Ƕ´ ٴ´ , η ´ ŵ ׹ ´ Ż ٴ. 󶭼 谦 Ľ 뿺 Ӽ· ´ ԰ Ⱪ Ͱٴ. 5) ⱹɴ· 氵谹Ⱥ 谹(plan)( (do) ( Ŧ(see)η ´ 氵 ܴ, ý Ŧ ȵٴ. ױ ŭ ٹͿ Ҽǰ ⱹɴ Ÿ ٴ. 谹Ⱥ Ű ʾ ´ , з 谹ȵ η ʾ ٴ. κк Ҽǰ鵺 谹Ⱥ 鵸 , ݱ , ̹ , 谹Ȼ ￸ ݱ , 谹 ʳ ´ η 谹 ʾ ٴ. ױ Ⱦ 氵, ô ʾ´ ǽ Ľ߾ Ͱٴ. Ҽǰ 谹 Ż <ױ> ٴ. Ҽǰ鵺 ܿ ܴ  ȸͿ , Ϳ Ƕ Ⱦ ٴ 俸ȵٴ. <ױ> Ҽǰ   : Warren Friedman, Construction Marketing and Strategic Planning, McGrow-Hill Book Company, 1984, p. 12 뿻 Ͱ. 6) ý (1) Ÿý ȳ ݹη ǰ ´ 껦 DZǻ ԰ ´ Ͱ ٴ. ױ ´ ߹Ϳ ᰤ ܴ ýȵٴ. ױ Ÿ´ Ǥ ǩ Ҽ Ÿ η ´ Ͱ ٴ. Ÿ Ÿκ  ǩ ߹ η î´ ŸĽ 봮Ÿ ǩ ǽ, ´ Needs ɴ԰ Ͱٴ. Ƕ ý ҺȾ ߹ ǽǸη Ϳ ⱡ ǻ 蹦, ø Ȧ ǩ Ű , ơ îǵ 绫 Ҽý´ ÿ Ͱٴ. 7) ° (1) 쿧 վ ٹͿ ´ 쿧 Ҽ Ǫٴ. Ҽǰ ǰ  쿧 ơ´ Ʒ, ȵ  쿧 ȸ´ Ͱ ɴ ٴ. 쿧 ǭ´ ո 绡 ´ ý  쿧 ´ ǩ߾ ٴ. Ɑ 1986 ƾƮ ý Һٺ 쿧 Ⱦ ý ٴ. ´ ý  ¸ǩ ǰ, ǰý Ӹʾƾ ´ ٹͿ ĭ ݰ ԰ ǵ ǵǹη ´ 鵡԰ ý´ ٹ Ͱ ȵٴ. 1986 ̹ ǰǸȡ ǵ鸭 ̹ ǰcost ǵ´ 쿡 ôٴ. ױ ǰ 绡 ǭ ǰcost ̹ 2~3 ٴ´ ߹ǵٴ. η ݰ ǰcost ƾ ۹  Һ ƾƮ 鵺 ݰ ´ ýǴ, ױ ƾƮ ݰ 2,3 񺳱ǩ ݹ׾η ٴ. ԰ ǩ ɴ Ͱ. ױ ո ǰ ߹ ȡ ٴ. ױ鵺 谦 ¸ ߰ Ľ ٹٲ ݰ ո ȡ ױ Ⱦ ԰ ɴ ý Ͱ Ǵٴ. ױ鵺 ä ܴ ־ 湣 ǩ Dz , PCƻ ýη ٱ ǽ ϴƭ η 껻 ô, ߹ϴ ´ Ľ , , ǽ, Ϳ κ ޴ cost ´ Ľ ǩ cost down ǽǴٴ. Ͱ cost downӻƾϴ ƾƮơ  ȡ ýȵ ǰ񺡰 ǩ ѽ ѽ ĶŦ ´ Կٴ. (2) (Time based competition) 90 氵  Ϳ ° ´ Ǫ´ ýٴ. ´ ij ױ ޱ(Just-in time) ԰ ǰ ý ° Ҽ Ǫٴ. ױ Ɑ ý ý ƾϴ  ý ̹ٴ. ǰ ǰ Ᵽ One-stop񺺽 俸´ ܴ Ᵽ 俸 ¸߾ ٴ´ Ͱٴ. ǭ´ ð, () 绡 ´ η ѵ, 鵻 ÷ ɴ к ¼, ý ¸ 蹡´ ǩ ý ǵ´ κк ýܴ ɴ κк ´ ˰ Ⱦ ÷ ݳ, Ǫ ýŸη 谭´ · 俸ȵٴ. Ͱ η ϴ ̹ٴ. (3) () ö Ա , 谭, , ܿ J/V, Ƕ´ 8) κý ر κ ý Ҽ ̹´ Ǻ ٴ. , ⱶ η ǵ´ ǰ  κ ߹Ϳ ྡ ú Ҽǰ 氵 ǻ ̹ٴ. 󶭼 κ ïȦ Ǿ ι԰ 봳, رη ´ ǡ 俸ȵٴ. Ҽǰ鵺 ε ⱸȦ ¸ ٴ. 봱 վе Ϳ Ҽ ٴ. Ҽ Žǵ Ҽκ ưݱ Žǵ, Ž뿸ݱ κ׾ 1995 4,100 1995ⳡ´ 5,000η ǵٴ.  ⱸ 뿺 Ҽǰ ݹ ÷ ´ ⱡ ɵ Ͱٴ. 3. Ҽǰ ÷ Ⱦ 2 Ҽǰ ÷ к ŭ ٹŸη Ɑ´ Ҽǰ · Ȧ ÷ Ⱦ ⱻ ÷, ÷, ǵޱ ÷ ׹ η кǩ Ƹ ٴ. 1) ǰ ÷ ⱻ Ҽǰ ÷ ǡ  ױ ⱻ ĺ ٴ ε߾ Ͱٴ. ð, · Ȧ ݹ ٴ. ݱ 3 Ҽ ٹ κ Ҽ Ǻ Ҽ · ´ 쿱 εǻ ý ٹ ٴ. 󶭼 ҼǰͿ ÷ǵ Ⱦ Ⱦ ǵ߾ Ͱٴ. з ޱ ٹͿ ǰý Ӽη ǵ´ ý · ȸǵ ʾ š ȸ, ߹´ ´ 谡 Ͱ кٴ. ѵ, Ҽǰ鵻 ҺǮ Ա Ͽ Ŧ ÷ Ǹη ǵ߾ ٴ´ Ͱٴ. ǹ · ý´ κ ٴ Ա´ ǽ ̹ ˾ ǽٴ. ǰ  վ ޱ κк  ٴ Ա ٴ. 󶭼 Ա鵻 ý ¸԰ Ͽ´ Ǹη ߾ Ͱٴ. ¼, ° 鵺 ɴ ǵ߾ ٴ. ܴ η´ ǰ 껡 ´ ӻƾϴ ǰ Ϳ 뿿 Ÿ Ͱη ŭٴ. ױǹη ٴ 󶡿´ ƾ ° ý鵺 ýǵ߾ Ͱٴ. 2) Ǧ Ⱦ վ ٹͿ Ǧ ޱݰ 湺 Ҽǰ ĭ 鸪· Ⱶ  Ӽ κ´ Ǿ áǴٴ. 󶭼 Ա ϿȦ 봡 ´ ÷ǩ ǭ ǰ ٶ æ ݰ ߰ǽ æ Ⱦ ǵ߾ Ͱٴ. Ⱦη´ ٴ ε Ⱦ 俸ȵٴ. (1) ȺȦ ݰ Žơ ǰ ǰ, ǰ, ǡ η ٴ. ױ Ǻ Žơ ٹη ´ Ӽ ݰ Žơ Һɴٴ. з 쿮󶡿 ǻ ޱ´ ιǸ Ҽ ױ ᷡ ܴ ŷ ǰ´ , ߹ ´ ǽٴ. 绦 ̹  ι Ǹ鵺 ݰ Žơ ǩ ǻ Ǹη ݰ ´ ý κݰ ý蹦 ǻ ý ٴ. 󶭼 쿮 쿵 Žơ ɴ Ȧ ǩ ݰø 绦 ý Ϸ κݰ´ ǵ´ š ÷ǵ߾ Ͱٴ. (2) ý κ ï Ƕ ٴ Ⱦ Ǫ´ κ´ ȡ û ǩ ǰ ٴ η ´ ǩ Ҽ浼  Ᵽ 鸦 ´ Ż Ͱٴ. Ҽǰ 氵Dzȡ ŭ ٹͿ ݱ´ Ҽǰ Ÿ׾ Ҽٴ ƾ ŽԱ Ҽǰ ⱡ ǵ, ⱡ 1⳸η ٹ 1994ⳡ´ ٴ ˾ ٴ. 󶭼 Ҽǰ鵻 η Ϳ Ȧ Ľý · ȸ ԰´ رη Ȼ ǩ߾ Ͱٴ. 2) (¦ Ⱦ (1) PQɽ °Ϳ PQ  վ PQ ٹͿ PQɽ绦 ´ PQ 俸ǵ´  Һ ǩ ɽ ǵ ƺ 컱 ԰ ǵ ٴ. Ͱ Ƕ PQ绡 Ҽǰ η ´ ¿ٴ. 2 俹 Ҽǰá ŭ ٹͿ κк Ҽǰ鵻 Ҽǰ鵸 Ľ ˾ ٴ. 󶭼 ׹ η Ա𸰺η PQ ǩ Ա 绡´ æ , η Ա𸡰 ʾ´ ǩ Ҽǰæ η ޱ ɽ绦 ǽýǸη Ҽ ǽ PQ© ɴǵϷ 汻 ߾ Ͱٴ. (2) Ǧ ݱ׾ dz湡 Ҽǰ ޱ , PQ , 湭 ǰ Ӽ Һ ձǽ Ҽý ǰ Ҽǰ κ ۹ ´ áǴٴ. ױ ýк Ⱦη ýȵ ٹͿ á 绦 Ǹη ǵޱ ´ Ͱ  ߹´ Ű뿻 ٴ´ ٴ. ´ ߹鵡԰ ǰæ ǵϷ ´ Ůƾ Ҽǰ ƾ ٴ. 󶭼 á԰ 绦 ´ Ǧ ǵ´ ݱ׾ Ƕ Ͱ ȵٴ. 1995 11 1 ýη ߹绡 ݱ 20 50η Ƕǵ, κ߹´ 20 Ӹ ٴ. ױ1994 ߹ á ߹´ ݱ׾η 14.8% ʾǹη Ǧ ǽȺ ǭ´ κ޴Ǥ Ⱦ κ߹ ݱ Ƕǵ߾ Ͱٴ. 3) ǵޱ ÷ Ⱦ (1) ݹǰã ǵޱ ŭ ٹͿ ݹҼǰ ǵޱͿ ÷ǩ ´ ݹã ǵޱ ݱ Ͽٴ. վ Ůƾ ǰ ȡ ŭ ٹͿ 쿮󶵵 绡 ǡ ߹(ŰŦ) , Ƕ ǰ(CM) Ա𸰺 ã ɴкȦ Ϳ 鵺 ҼǮ κк, Ҽ鵺 ýκк ´ Ǹη ǵ Ͱٴ. 󶭼 ݹǰã ǵޱ 뿺 Ҽǰ ȸ ӻƾϴ ǰ Ȧ ǭ Һ Ͱٴ. (2) ǵޱ ݱ ݹǰã ǵޱ Һ ߾ Ͱ ǵޱ ݱ ٴ. ٹͿ ý湡 ܿǰ ý CM η ǵޱ ݱ 俸 Ͱٴ. ֿij ܿ 绦 ٴ 󶵵 ý Ͱη ǵ, CM at riskη 绦 쿵 ý ʾ Ͱ ٴ. 4) (1) ⱸ ȸ . dz Ҽǰ ߹(set aside) ǽý ̹ , Ҽ ȸ Ǫ 쿮´ ǵ´ ´ Ž Ҽⱻ(7) κ´ , 뿪޴ Ҽ ⱸȦ ý ýû ǽýǩ߾ ٴ Ա ÷ ý ýǵ , ǰ ǽη 뿻 ǵ ʾ ٴ. 󶭼 ȸ ġ 俸ȵٴ. Ӿ ޴ Ÿ ޴á´ Ҽ ׹ ȸͿ ÷ȵ  2-3ⳣ ǽ ٱŰη Ҽ Ÿ ׹ ߹谹 , dz ʾ ٴ. ױ, Ҽ Ҽǰ ޴ Ƹ, <> ´ ٹͿ Ҽ ´ η´ ǰ 6% ʾ´ ݹ, Ҽǰ԰ ߹ǵ´ ý ߹ Ҽ Ÿ ٴ 19.0%(1993 ) ´ Ͱ ˾ ٴ. 󶭼 Ҽǰ ⱸȦ г Ÿ 绸, 氦 ǰ ǩ ױ Ϸ ´ Ħ ÷ Ҽ ƺ Ϸ Ҽǰ ҼԱ η κ ߹ 봡 俸ȵٴ. < > ޴ Ҽ ܴ: к19901991199219931994ûκ(A)22,99728,24134,22636,48036,703κҼ(B)11,75814,97719,44122,62821,627(B/A)0.510.530.570.620.59 ý(A)27,00928,72837,72051,97657,187ýκҼ(B)8,85414,14417,97422,20324,216(B/A)0.330.490.480.430.42: ޴, ޴, 1994 . ޱǦ Ƕ վ ٹͿ ޱݱ׾ ױ ӻƾϴ ǭ´ ü ݹ ٴ. ױ ޱǵ׾ 봡 ýɴ· ơ ýǵ ´ ޱǦ ɴ ߹ɵ Ͱǹη ޱ ٴ ÷ ǭ ü ߹¸ Ƕǩ߾ Ͱٴ. ٴ. Ҽǰã · Ⱥ 氵 κ ݹ Ҽǰá ´ 決 Ҽǰ · ǩ ´ Ͱٴ. Ůƾ ´ ٹͿ κ´ Ҽǰ ǿ Ÿ, ߹ ٴ 湱 ǩ Ҽǰ鵣 · ٴ. 쿮 Ҽǰ鵣 · Ȼ  Ⱦ ÷ǵ ʾ ٴ. 󶭼 ǰǸȪ ÷  ǩ Ҽǰ · ´ ɽ ÷ Ҽã · ǩ߾ Ͱٴ. (2) ݱ Ⱦ . Ҽǰ ݱ ÷ . Ž뿸ݱ ǵ׾ ٴ. ǹ  Ƕ (3) . networkû . Ҽǰ ߹ ٴ. 氵 . з <> кʽý氵/쿧κ /Ҽ(Ա𸰺 к )- 绫 - ¹ϴǼ Ⱥ, Ⱥ - ᰤ ŽӼ- ܿκ氯 · - ܿκ · - ٴ羺 - й ȸ ׹ · - Ľ· ̹ - ý ׹ 谭 - , ÷ ǽý - Ⱦ ̹ - ׹ ý ̹ - Ᵽ , ǵޱ ׹ Ⱦ - ׹ κ - ø - η , - ý ̹ - ý ɴ ̹ - , (), ƤηͿ ߹á ر ȿ(), · ȸ(·) . - ɴ· 쿧η - ɴ·(ݱ޴ ɴ·, ) ɴ·(ɴ·, Ⱦ ޴ɴ·) . - κ · ȡ κ · - ý ̹񺡿 ɴ· κ - Ա𸰺η . ܴ, Ϸ ý Ͱη Ų. - Ҽٴ ÷ 뿵 ( к )- ε - ¹ϴǼ - 鵡 ݰ - © ᰤ - 氳 · - ǽ - - -- ɴ·(ر , ɴ·) - ɴ·(· , 氵 ʽ, ɴ·, Ⱦ ޴ ɴ·)- ý ٴ´ ý - è, κɽ <> Ա𸰺 ׹ к ŭ Ҽǰ Ϳ ơ 񺳱  ݹη Ҽǰ ݹǰͿ ǰη к , ´ ⱻη Ҽ ݹǰ(ݹ ׹ ) η ǤǴٴ. Ҽ 2 ׹ ýɷ 2 ׹ 3 Ű, ý 200 ݹǰæ ̹ٴ. ױ Ҽ ױ 1995 7 1 ýη ý 30η Ƕ ǵٴ. 󶭼 ⱸ 鵻 3 Ҽǰ Dzк´ ý 20 η ⱸ Ҽ , к 4 ǽŶ绡´ ȵ 30Ǧ ٴ.  Ҽ ð, ɽ η ǩ ι氦 η Ȳη ȣ´ Ͱ , ѵ, ɽ ɽ ԰ ⱸȦ ǩ ý氦 Ž(regenerative)ɴ , ¼, 绸Ⱦ ٱ ⱸȦ , ݳ, · 氦 ݹ Ǻǩ 绸 ߹ Ⱪ´ ǻ ǩ(豾, 1991; 豤, 1995) Ƥ ׹ ý氦 ߹ î ʵ ǽٴ.  Ҽ (쿵, 1996.3), Ҽ κ 쿱 ´ · ȸ ε ٴ ٴ. ǩ ð, · ´ Ҽ ѵ, , 鵻 Ȧ ¼, ߹ ׹ ݳ, Ҽ ݹ ·谦 ٴ, Ҽ ٴ´ ⱻǻ ٴ.  Ǻ 绫 绹 ߹ȵ 俹 Ҽ, p. 410 ¶ Ͱ.  , ǰ  Ҽ, ɽ ǹǰ Dz , 1979.2.21: 104-106.  绫 绹, 俹 Ҽ, 1993.12: 16.  ǰ ƺ տ, ǰ ι氦, ǹǰ, 1995.12: 35-39 뿻 Ҽǰ , Ͱ.  1993 ǰ ǡ ´ 53 , ݱ 1 ̹ Ҽǰ ׹ á 99% ޴ٴ. Ҽ ǰá ´ ´ 쿮 ǥ, ´ ܴ ٴ´ Ͱӻƾϴ Ҽ ǰ ´ ǰͿ ݱ׾ ٴ. η 1992 2к 绡  ǰη´ 80% Ҽǰ Ǵ, ǡ׾η´ 42.6% ٴ; , 誯磌, , 1994, pp. 20-21 봸 쿡´ 1990⳻ η ǰ28,419 2 6 454(93.1%) ҼǰͰη ŵٴ; 봸 氦κ Ҽ, ι Ҽ 谹; 绫 绹, ԰, p. 135.  ݱ Ա𸦸 η  80% Ա𸦸 ٱ ٱη(full-time employee) η ٴ. η äġ ٴ äġ äη ޹ٴ. J. R. Kimberly, Organizational Size and the Structuralist Perspective: A Review, Critique, and Proposal, Admistrative Science Quarterly(December, 1976, pp. 571-579; , з, , ڹ, 1990.12, p.310,  , Ǻ(1994) ǰ Ÿ׾, , κ, κIJ, ٴ 氵Ϳ ιҼ , , ŭ, Ÿ ½ 4 ŰýͿ 谦 , ǽιҼ ŭȮ½ ױ Ÿ½ Ÿ׾ й 谡 ´ Ͱη ŵٴ. 󶭼 ǰ κ Ɱ á ŭȮ ׹  ԰ ǻ ޹´ Ͱη ŵٴ. , Ǻ, ǰ 氵ơ , ų߹, 1994.12, PP. 4-10.  Ҽ浼ýɷ 40 , ٱη ´ ٱη Ƕ´ ýٱη ޱ ǩ ޱ޹ ηҼ ٱηྡ ԰ 3 Ӽǩ ǵ ƾϴ ٴ ٴ. ҼǿӾ, Ҽⱻdz, 1987.8, pp. 38-39.  (1996) , CR5 η ǧ, ý 20.9%(90) 23.5%(91) 20.8%(92) 20.2%(93)η Ÿ ݱ ƾ´ ü´Ǫ Ÿ׾ ý ƾ ǰý Ӽǵ ٴ ٴ. - ǰý ܴ η ´ CR3 14.2%, CR5 20.2%, CR10 30% - 100 ܴýη ´ CR3 19.7%, CR5 28.1% (93) ; , 21 ǰ ý, 1996.7.  Ҽǰ ´ , 氦κ, 쪫̽, 1980Ϳ , 誯磌, , 1994 뿻 ¶ Ͱ.  ()ǰ氦Ҽ, ҼǰΪΪ몶绬, ƺ7, 3 ¶Ǵ.  η 1$ 800 η , 1700޴´ 130 ǵ´, ´ 1996 쿮 ޱǵ׾ η 102 ǵ, 950޴´ 76η 129 ȵٴ. 1995⳵ ޱ η Ҽⱻ ǰá 131ô Ⱦ ̹ Ҽ 쿮 ٴ.  ҼԱ 绸氦 Ҽ, 1 绸氦η Һ ǰ Ƕ´  51% Ҽ´ ҼԱ .氵 ׹ 绫 1 Һ ǰ ǵ߾ ٴ.  Ҽ ҼԱ, 1 ̹ýι 51% ҼDZ , ´ ̹ٴ.  볿· , 1 ǻ Dz 볿 Dz볿·η кǵ ´ ̹ η ȿ´ ̹ٴ.  ̹ κк 뿻 ´ ηױ ȳ ε ´, Űη ´ ԰ 쿱DZ ´  Įϴƾ 쿱, ϴƾ ޴  ٴ. ()̭϶, ΪΪ۾ 6 . ܱ ]1995)  ױ η Ҽ Minority Ҽ 紸η °´ Ǧ ƾη Ϸ Ҽ 1989 ýη ԰ ǵٴ.  ()ǰ氦Ҽ, 12¸̹绸, ƺ712 ¶Ǵ.  1995ⳡ Ϳ Ҽ η ٴҼ Ҽ´ ü ´ Ͱ 7 1 ǩ Ҽ ý 30η Ƕǵ ٴ.  κ 氵к ´ ǰ 氵 ᰤ к(ǰǸ,1996.2 )Ϳ ǰ 氵ơ (,19) Ҽ ǰá ý ٴ ǵŰ ǰá 氵ơý ơȵ η Ǵٴ.  î´ η ǩ  Ū ̹ ߹ǩ ý´ ⱻ к Ͱٴ. ⵻ ձ 񺳱ǩ ǭý îٴ. 󶭼 î Ⱦη йȵٴ´ Ͱ Һ Ŧ ̹ٴ.  κ ܴ´ η´ ݱ Ա, Ÿ׾ ´ ޱ Ǵٴ. 1990 ٱ 5ⳣ ޱ η (ŸǶٴ ޴ǹη ݹ Ͱ) ޱ 3 Ӽη ½ æ η Ǵٴ.  , з, , ڹ, 1990.12, p.512  Ƹ´ , η ٴϴ ǰ鵻 6 62 鵻 η Ϳ Ƕ绦 ǩ (氵 Ȳ) ´ 7 ҼýǴ. Tom Peters and Robert H. Waterman Jr., In Search of Excellence, 1982, pp. 8-26.  豾, վ , pp.46-51.  Ž뿸ݱ, Ҽз, з ǽ, 1988, pp. 128, 133.  Ա𸰺, ٴ ٴ. ܴ: % ҼABA-BABA-BABA-B绫13.610.43.233.620.013.620.613.86.813.39.73.638.826.412.419.813.95.9ɴ3.05.3-2.328.821.96.95.65.60.0ⱸ29.221.97.336.719.016.831.821.210.610.58.81.735.723.312.416.512.24.3 : A= 绲, B=绲, (绲 1993⳵ ( 1992⳻ η . : ǰǸ, 1993⳵ ǰ氵־ηǽŶ绸, 1994.7, p. 25.  Thompson Strickland, Strategic Management - Concepts and Cases-, Vol.1, Business Publications. Inc., 1987, p.18.  J.R. Schermerhorn, J.G. Hunt, R.N.Osborn, Managing Organizational Behavior, John & Sons Inc., 1985, p. 103.  Thompson Strickland, op., cit., pp. 251-252.  Ա𸰺, ׹ η ܴ ǻ ǹη ݹ кк´ ޴ Һձ кк Ǵ.  Ա𸰺 DzȺ Ҽ ý 30 ȵ η Ͱ. ⱸ Ҽ(ý 20) 316(48.5%), (ý 21~200) 313(48.0%) ױ 23(3.5%).  ҼǿӾ, Ҽ, 1994, p. 463.  Žڷ ä 䳻 ä ǩ ´ Žڷ ´ ƾ к ܿýŸη ä Žڷ η ٴ. í, ԰, pp. 181-184.  Nunnally(1979) ܴ Žڷ´ 0.5~0.6 кٴ ýǴٴ. J. Paul Peter, Reliability: A Review of Psycometric Basic and Recent Marketing Prectice, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol.16, February 1979, p.15.  к 䳸紺 ơ´ η 䳡 ǩ äܴ(ǹ)鵻 ǩ ä ǽý , Ը鵡 ä кǴ ױ η ¿ 䳻 봥 ´ ơ´ Ͱٴ. к ⱻ´ 鵣 谡 Ͱ  Ǫ Ǻ Ǻȵ 鵺       !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghjklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ (orthogonal) ǵϷ ´ Ͱٴ. 󶭼 Ǫ Ͱ 䳻 äٴ ٴ. í, ƶз, , Ǭ, 1992, pp. 184-192.  羢, з, , ڹ, 1990.12, pp.194-197.  ÷ǩ з鵺 6 Ǵ, (L. Urwick) ƺ á ޴´, 3~8, ǧ 5~6 ٴ Ǵٴ. Ƕ 1960 Ϸ´ ǽ ǩ ú 5~10, ú ձ 3.2, ǧú ձ 15~18 Ǵٴ. ݹη´ 3~6 η , ƾ ij ƾ ٴ. Lyndall F. Urwick, The Managers Span of Control,  HardBusiness Review, Vol.34, No.3, May-June 1950, p.41; James L. Gibson, John M. Ivancevich and James H. Donnelly Jr., Organizations: Behavior, Structure, Processes, Dallas, TX: Business Publications, 1976, pp. 245-247; , ԰, pp. 195-197 .  Žٱ, ǹ ƺ , , dzκ, 1984, pp.300-301.  ǽ  Ƥ ܴ ҼӼʵ ױ η 氵ȿ ٴ´ ý ǵ ⱻ Ǫٴ. 谡´ Ǹη Ҽ Ƕ´ 氵 к кǵ 谳î ǵϷ Ա ٴ. , ,氮, 1990 pp.30-32  ǰǸ, ǰ谬, 1995.10.  1994~1996 6 κ DzȻ Ƹ ٴ ٴ. к1988198919921994199519945 (10.0)17 (34.0)28 (56.0)--50 (100.0)199522 (15.2)21 (14.5)60 (41.4)36 (38.0)6 (4.1)145 (100.0)19969 (8.3)12 (11.1)30 (27.8)41 (38.0)16 (14.8)108 (100.0): տ, ǰκǽŹ, 1996, ̹.  绽 Ǫ 񺺽 η κ þ Ҽ񺡿 Ű԰ ǵ´ ٴ ܴ谦 Ż ǩ ٴ. 氵ȿ Ǫ üη ʾ 氦 ݰ Ѵ ܴ ȿ η ´ ٴ.  Michael E. Poter, Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Perfornance; , 쿧, p. 117-139 .  , ԰ pp. 625-641.  M. E. Poter, Competitive Strategy, The Free Press, 1980; , , , , 氮, 1985, p.53.  (M. E. Poter)´ η Ƥ ٴ 庭ȵ κܴη к´ к´ ý кȸٴ ٴ ٴ. ýкȡ Ÿ 忸Ϳ Ÿǵ кȡ á ¸ ´ ݹ, к´ ٴ ٴ. к´ кȵ Ÿ· , к鵡 ý ©Ǹη ´ Ҽ鵻 ٴ Ǵٴ; ױ ´ ýкͿ кȦ к ʾ η ٴ; ٴ 뿺M. E. Poter ԰, 7 кͿ 쿧 ٹٴ.  ݹ, ´ ý 2, ,ڹ, 1995, p.255.  Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong, Principles of Marketing, sixth edtion, New Jersey, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1994, pp. 252-254.  ٴ 뿺 M. E. Poter, op., cit.,4 ¶ Ͱ.  ´ š ý ȿ(ȿ, ȿ, ðȿ, Ÿȿ, 񺺽ȿ) ȿ(κ, , ߹, 浰ȿ) ȿ ǰ ¸ Ͱ.  쿯 ´ 绡 ǩ ƾŲ, 俸,  Ǹη ý ´ Ͱ ̹ٴ. ݹ, 氵з, , ڹ, 1992.12.  ױ 뿺 氦Ҽ, 21C ױ 氵, 1994.7 źŮ, 1994 ¶ Ͱ.  , з, , 氵, 1994.6, p. 92.  , ԰, pp. 99-102.  , з, , , 1990.  , ⱦ ¸ 쿮 ǰ 氵Ž, ǹǰ, ã, 1994, pp.26-46.  , з, , 氵, 1994.6, pp. 12-33.  Warren Friedman, Construction Marketing and Strategic Planning, McGrow-Hill Book Company, 1984, p.13.  ǰ̹Ҽ, ǰ谹, ǰ(), 1994.8, pp.100-101.  , Ž氵, Ÿ氦Ž, 1996.4 7 뿻 Ͱ.  쿵, ǹ氦Ϳ Ҽ , dz κ 氵Ҽ,1996.3.  Ibid. pp. 14-16  , ι, , ԰, 1995.4, pp. 69-70.  뿺 , PQ Ⱦ, ǹǰ, 1996 ¶ Ͱ.  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